Genitourinary Disorders

Question 1

Presence of casts in urine. The casts are formed from gelled protein precipitated in the renal tubules and molded to the to the tubular lumen; pieces of these casts break off and are washed out with the urine

Answer 1

Cylindruria

Question 2

Partial or complete surgical removal of the urinary bladder

Answer 2

Cystectomy

Question 3

Referring to urinary bladder

Answer 3

Cysto

Question 4

A tubelike instrument containing lenses for viewing the interior of the bladder, entering through the urethra

Answer 4

Cystoscope

Question 5

The quality of state of being detrimental or destructive to cells

Answer 5

Cytotoxicity

Question 6

Elevation of the diastolic blood pressure

Answer 6

Diastolic hypertension

Question 7

Used to increase secretion of urine

Answer 7

Diuretic

Question 8

Painful or difficult urination

Answer 8

Dysuria

Question 9

Collection of tissues; swelling

Answer 9

Edema

Question 10

Red blood cells

Answer 10

Erythrocytes

Question 11

An estimate of the filtering capacity of the kidneys that takes into account serum creatinine concentration and other variables, such as age, gender, and body size

Answer 11

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

Question 12

Occurs when there is excessive sodium and water retention in the body that cannot be adequately removed by diseased kidneys. Symptoms and signs of vascular congestion may include fatigue, SOB, hypertension, congestive heart failure, ascites, pleural effusions, and peripheral edema

Answer 12

Fluid overload syndrome

Question 13

Pinpoint bleeding in the bladder caused by recurrent irritation

Answer 13

Glomerulations

Question 14

Kidney disease in which the glomerular tuft becomes inflamed. The glomerular membranes becomes extremely porous, allowing both protein and blood cells to flow freely into the nephron capsules. Repeated small bouts may destroy more and more nephrons, causing chronic glomerulonephritis

Answer 14

Glomerulonephritis

Question 15

A small tuft or cluster of capillaries enclosed within a bulb shaped dilation leading to the beginning of the nephron. It is from the glomerulus that fluid filters from the blood system into the kidney collection system

Answer 15

Glomerulus (of kidney)

Question 16

The presence in the urine of serum albumin, the chief protein constituent of human blood plasma

Answer 16

Albuminuria

Question 17

The transplant graft performed between two genetically different people

Answer 17

Allograft

Question 18

A graft transplanted between genetically nonidentical individuals of the same species, also known as a homograft or homo transplantation

Answer 18

Allograft/allotransplantation

Question 19

Generalized massive edema

Answer 19

Anasarca

Question 20

Lack or loss of appetite

Answer 20

Anorexia

Question 21

Immune or protective proteins in the blood that are generated in reaction to foreign proteins

Answer 21

Antibody

Question 22

Any substance that, when introduced into the body, generates antibody production. It’s a substance which under appropriate conditions is capable of causing a specific immune response

Answer 22

Antigen

Question 23

Volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood

Answer 23

Hematocrit

Question 24

Blood in the urine

Answer 24

Hematuria

Question 25

The removal of toxic metabolic byproducts from the blood by diffusion in an artificial kidney machine

Answer 25

Hemodialysis

Question 26

An apparatus that forces the affected individuals blood trough semipermeable tubes immersed in fluid. Urea and other metabolic byproducts diffuse from the blood into the surrounding fluid; performing limited kidney function. Blood must be anti-coagulated during dialysis

Answer 26

Hemodialyzer

Question 27

A system designation for the gene products of at least four linked specific sites (a, b, c, d) on the 6th human chromosome that have been shown to have a strong influence on human allotransplantation

Answer 27

Human lymphocyte antigens (HLA)

Question 28

A lesion involving all layers of the bladder wall, seen in chronic interstitial cystitis

Answer 28

Hunner’s ulcers

Question 29

Swelling of a joint due to accumulation of water

Answer 29

Hydro arthrosis

Question 30

A disorder of the kidney in which the ulcer becomes obstructed causing the kidney to become distended by the accumulated urine. Prolonged distinction can cause atrophy of nephrons, with residual reduction or loss of kidney function.

Answer 30

Hydronephrosis

Question 31

Abnormally high concentration of lipids, usually fats, in the blood

Answer 31

Hyperlipidemia

Question 32

Agents that block the body’s efforts to reject foreign bodies or tissues; used especially in organ transplantation

Answer 32

Immunosuppressive agents

Question 33

Tissue or organ transplanted between genetically identical individuals, also known as syngraft

Answer 33

Isograft

Question 34

Either of two organs in the lumbar region that filter the blood of toxic metabolic byproducts excreted as urine; also regulates the concentration of electrolytes in the blood

Answer 34

Kidney

Question 35

Several renal insufficiency, generally accompanied by signs and symptoms of uremia

Answer 35

Kidney failure

Question 36

White blood cells

Answer 36

Leukocyte

Question 37

A treatment for kidney stones in which acoustic shock waves are used to disintegrate renal calculi

Answer 37

Lithotripsy

Question 38

Neuropathy or polyneuropathy involving only the motor nerves

Answer 38

Motor neuropathy

Question 39

Surgical removal of a kidney

Answer 39

Nephrectomy

Question 40

Inflammation of the kidney; may be localized or diffuse and may involve the glomeruli, tubules, or the interstitial kidney tissue

Answer 40

Nephritis

Question 41

A condition marked by the presence of renal calculi

Answer 41

Neprolithiasis

Question 42

The functioning filtering unit of the kidney, consisting of the of the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The 2 kidneys contain approx 2 million nephrons and approx 3/4 of these nephrons can be destroyed before blood composition becomes excessively abnormal

Answer 42

Nephron

Question 43

Sclerosis of the vascular arteries, arterioles and, sometimes, the capillaries of the kidney; the form of end-organ damage due to hypertension

Answer 43

Nephrosclerosis

Question 44

A genetic term for any disease of the kidney characterized by degenerative lesions of the renal tubules and/or glomeruli; generally used synonymously with the term, “nephrotic syndrome”

Answer 44

Nephrosis

Question 45

A generalized name for a group of diseases involving defective kidney glomeruli, characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidema, and varying degrees of edema

Answer 45

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 46

The surgical construction of permanent fistula from surface of the skin directly into the pelvis of the kidney; usually compensatory for the loss of both the ureter and the bladder

Answer 46

Nephrotomy, cutaneous

Question 47

A condition of chronic renal disease characterized by edema, proteinuria, hypoalbumia, hpyerlipidemia

Answer 47

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 48

A problem in peripheral nerve function that causes pain, numbness, tingling, and muscle weakness in various parts of the body

Answer 48

Neuropathy

Question 49

Excessive frequency of urination at night

Answer 49

Nocturia

Question 50

Blockage of the outflow of urine from the kidneys at any level of the urinary track

Answer 50

Obstruction

Question 51

Fibrous degeneration with weakening or deformity of bones

Answer 51

Osteitis fibrosis

Question 52

Softening of the bones

Answer 52

Osteomalcia

Question 53

A thinning of bones with reduction in the bone mass resulting from a depletion of calcium and bone protein

Answer 53

Osteoporosis

Question 54

Refers to the administration of antibiotics by intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection

Answer 54

Parenteral antibiotics

Question 55

Fractures resulting from weakening of the bone structure by pathologic processes such as osteomalacia and osteoporosis

Answer 55

Pathologic fracture

Question 56

The removal of toxic metabolic byproducts from the blood by diffusion which takes place inside the abdominal cavity. The dailyzing solution is infused into, and removed from, the abdominal cavity on either a continuous or an intermittent basis.

Answer 56

Peritoneal dialysis

Question 57

A hereditary, congenital condition characterized by multiple casts of both kidneys

Answer 57

Polycystic kidney disease

Question 58

Excessive thirst, persisting for long periods of time

Answer 58

Polydipsia

Question 59

Excessive discharge of urine

Answer 59

Polyuria

Question 60

The presence of protein in the urine

Answer 60

Proteinuria

Question 61

Generalized itching

Answer 61

Pruritus

Question 62

X-ray of the kidney and ureter using contrast medium

Answer 62

Pyelography

Question 63

A kidney inflammation due to bacterial infection, beginning in the interstitial tissues and extending to the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels

Answer 63

Pyelonephritis

Question 64

The presence of pus in urine

Answer 64

Pyuria

Question 65

Severe immune reaction of the body against grafted tissues, in which the body’s defense mechanisms attack the foreign tissue and cause failure of the graft; usually accompanied by pain and swelling

Answer 65

Rejection crisis

Question 66

A solidified deposit developing in the kidney, usually composed of mineral salts and o curing in a variety of sizes and shapes; may be a single or multiple

Answer 66

Renal calculus (kidney stone)

Question 67

Pertaining to the kidney

Answer 67

Renal

Question 68

Abnormal, decreased, kidney function, ranging from mild to severe

Answer 68

Renal insufficiency

Question 69

Demineralization if bone caused by chronic renal insufficiency

Answer 69

Renal osteodystrophy

Question 70

A major plasma protein that is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure of the blood and serves as a transport protein

Answer 70

Serum albumin

Question 71

Abnormal narrowing

Answer 71

Stricture

Question 72

The surgical construction of fistula of combined skin and bladder flap to enable the collection of urine in a reservoir without using a cystostomy tube

Answer 72

Suprapubic cystostomy

Question 73

A group of signs and symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease or other abnormal condition

Answer 73

Syndrome

Question 74

A kidney inflammation primarily affecting the tubules and interstitial tissues; may be the result of either a primary or secondary disease process

Answer 74

Tubulointerstial nephritis (TIN)

Question 75

The chief nitrogenous constituent of urine and the chief nitrogenous end product of the metabolism of proteins. It is a major route for removal of the ammonia produced in the metabolism of amino acids in the liver and kidney

Answer 75

Urea

Question 76

The retention in the blood of excessive by products of protein metabolism and of potassium, which produce a toxic condition marked by nausea, vomiting, headache, vertigo, dimness of vision, coma or convulsions, and a fetid odor of the breath; result of nephron failure to adequately excrete urea and other protein by products

Answer 76

Uremia

Question 77

The bilateral membranous canals conducting urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Answer 77

Ureter

Question 78

Surgical procedure to graft the ureter to an incision in the intestine to divert urinary flow into the intestine. Has higher potential of infection than other urinary diversion procedures because of high bacteria count in the intestine

Answer 78

Uretero-enterostomy

Question 79

The membranous canal conducting urine from the bladder outside the body

Answer 79

Urethra

Question 80

Urine (suffix)

Answer 80

Uria

Question 81

Any of the surgical procedures undertaken to compensate for the loss of part of the urinary tract by creating a substitute orifice to conduct urine outside the body

Answer 81

Urinary diversion

Question 82

Those organs and ducts that participate in the secretion and elimination urine

Answer 82

Urinary tract

Question 83

Fluid excreted by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and discharged by the urethra

Answer 83

Urine

Question 84

A lab calculation based on total protein. And creatinine in a urine sample

Answer 84

Urine total-protein-to-creatinine ratio

Question 85

Absence of excretion of urine from the body

Answer 85

Anuria

Question 86

An excess of urea or other nitrogenous substances in the blood. Generally due to abnormal kidney function.

Answer 86

Azotemia

Question 87

Any of the steroids produced by the adrenal cortex, including cortisol, corticosterone, and their synthetic equivalents, used as immunosuppressive agents

Answer 87

Corticosteroids

Question 88

A normal product muscle metabolism; level of which in blood is an index of level of kidney function

Answer 88

Creatinine

Question 89

A test for kidney function based on the rate at which creatinine is exceeded by the kidney. The measure of its excretion from the kidney provides a more reliable marker of kidney function than the BUN

Answer 89

Creatinine clearance test

Question 90

One of the nonprotein nitrogenous compounds of blood plasma; measure of kidney function

Answer 90

Blood urea nitrogen BUN