Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y4 Obs & Gynae > Genitourinary Medicine > Flashcards

Genitourinary Medicine Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is bacterial vaginosis ?

A

Refers to an overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina specifically anaerobic bacteria.
Not an STI and is caused by a loss of the lactobacilli bacteria in the vagina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does lactobacilli keep the vaginal pH low ?

A

These bacteria produce lactic acid that keeps the vaginal pH low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common pathogen to cause bacterial vaginosis ?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the risk factors for bacterial vaginosis ?

A

Multiple sexual partners
Excessive vaginal cleaning
Recent antibiotics
Smoking
Copper coil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does bacterial vaginosis present ?

A

Fishy-smelling watery grey or white vaginal discharge
Can be asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some investigations for bacterial vaginosis ?

A

Vaginal pH - swabs
High vaginal swab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is seen on microscopy in bacterial vaginosis ?

A

Clue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the management of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis ?

A

Requires no treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the management of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis ?

A

Metronidazole
Clindamycin - second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a complication of bacterial vaginosis ?

A

Increased risk of catching an STI - gonorrhoea, chlamydia and HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are complications of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy ?

A

Miscarriage
Preterm delivery
Premature rupture of membranes
Chorioamnionitis
Low birth weight
Postpartum Endometritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is vaginal candidiasis ?

A

Refers to vaginal infection with the yeast Candida albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some risk factors of vaginal candidiasis ?

A

Increased oestrogen
Poorly controlled DM
Immunosuppression
Broad spectrum antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does vaginal candidiasis present ?

A

Thick white discharge that doesn’t smell
Vulval and vaginal itching, irritation or discomfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can severe vaginal candidiasis lead to ?

A

Erythema
Fissures
Oedema
Pain during sex
Dysuria
Excoriation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is a diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis made ?

A

Clinical
Vaginal swab to exclude bacterial vaginosis
Charcoal swab with microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the management of vaginal candidiasis ?

A

Over the counter - canesten duo
Antifungal cream inserted into the vagina with an applicator
Antifungal pessary - clotrimazole
Oral Antifungal tablets - fluconazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is chlamydia trachomatis ?

A

A gram negative bacteria - intracellular organism meaning it enter and replicates within cells before rupturing the cell and spreading to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common STI in the UK ?

A

Chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can charcoal swabs confirm the diagnosis of ?

A

Bacterial vaginosis
Candidiasis
Gonorrhoea
Trichomonas vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What test is used to confirm chlamydia or gonorrhoea ?

A

NAAT to directly check for DNA or RNA of the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does chlamydia present ?

A

Mostly asymptomatic
Abnormal vaginal discharge
Pelvic pain
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Painful sex
Painful urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What examination findings indicate chlamydia ?

A

Pelvic or abdominal tenderness
Cervical motion tenderness
Inflamed cervix
Purulent discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the treatment for chlamydia ?

A

Doxycycline 100mg twice a day for 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is doxycycline contraindicated in ?
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
26
What are the complications of chlamydia ?
Pelvic inflammatory disease Chronic pelvic pain Infertility Ectopic pregnancy Epididymo-orchitis Conjunctivitis
27
What are the complications of chlamydia in pregnancy ?
Preterm delivery Premature rupture of membranes Low birth weight Postpartum Endometritis Neonatal infection
28
How does chlamydial conjuctivitis occur ?
As a result of sexual activity where genital fluid comes into contact with the eye. Through hand to eye contact
29
How does chlamydial conjuctivitis present ?
Chronic erythema Irritation Discharge lasting more than 2 weeks Unilateral
30
What is neisseria gonorrhoea ?
Gram negative diplococcus bacteria It infects mucous membranes with a columnar epithelium and spreads via contact with mucous secretions from infected areas. STI
31
How does gonorrhoea present ?
Odourless purulent discharge possibly green or yellow Dysuria Pelvic pain
32
How is gonorrhoea investigated ?
NAAT using a endocervical swab
33
What is the management of gonorrhoea ?
If sensitivities are not known - single dose of IM ceftriaxone 1g If sensitivities are known - single dose of oral ciprofloxacin 500mg
34
What are some complications of gonorrhoea ?
Pelvic inflammatory disease Chronic pelvic pain Infertility Conjuctivitis Urethral strictures Disseminated gonococcal infection Skin lesions Fitz-Hugh Curtis syndrome Septic arthritis
35
What is disseminated gonococcal infection ?
A complication of untreated gonococcal infection where the bacteria spreads to the skin and joints
36
What is disseminated gonococcal infection ?
A complication of untreated gonococcal infection where the bacteria spreads to the skin and joints.
37
What is mycoplasma genitalium ?
A bacteria that causes non-gonococccal urethritis. STI
38
What can a mycoplasma genitalium infection lead to ?
Urethritis Epididymitis Cervicitis Endometritis Pelvic inflammatory disease Reactive arthritis Preterm delivery in pregnancy Tubal infertility
39
What are some investigations for mycoplasma genitalium ?
NAAT - vaginal swabs
40
What is the management of mycoplasma genitalium ?
Doxycycline 100mg twice daily for 7 days Azithromycin 1g stat then 500mg once a day for 2 days
41
What is the treatment of mycoplasma genitalium in pregnancy ?
Azithromycin only as doxycycline is contraindicated in pregnancy
42
What is pelvic inflammatory disease ?
Inflammation and infection of the organs of the pelvis caused by infection spreading up through the cervix.
43
What is salpingitis ?
Inflammation of the Fallopian tubes
44
What is oophoritis ?
Inflammation of the ovaries
45
What is Parametritis ?
Inflammation of the parametrium which is the connective tissue around the uterus
46
What is peritonitis ?
Inflammation of the peritoneal membrane
47
What pathogens cause pelvic inflammatory disease ?
STI’s : Neisseria gonorrhoea ( more severe ) Chlamydia trachomatis Mycoplasma genitalium Non-STI : Gardnerella vaginalis E.Coli
48
What are some risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease ?
Not using contraception Multiple sexual partners Younger age Existing STI Previous pelvic inflammatory disease Intrauterine device
49
How does pelvic inflammatory disease present ?
Pelvic or lower abdominal pain Abnormal vaginal discharge Abnormal bleeding Pain during sex Fever Dysuria
50
What are the examination findings for pelvic inflammatory disease ?
Pelvic tenderness Cervical motion tenderness Inflamed cervix Purulent discharge
51
What investigations should be performed when suspecting pelvic inflammatory disease ?
NAAT swabs for gonorrhoea and chlamydia HIV test Syphilis test High vaginal swab - bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis and trichomoniasis Pregnancy test
52
What is the management of pelvic inflammatory disease ?
A single dose of IM ceftriaxone 1g Doxycycline 100mg twice daily for 14 days Metronidazole 400mg twice daily for 14 days
53
What are the complications of pelvic inflammatory disease ?
Sepsis Abscess Infertility Chronic pelvic pain Ectopic pregnancy Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
54
What is Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome ?
A complication of pelvis inflammatory disease and is caused by inflammation and infection of the liver capsule leading to adhesions between the liver and peritoneum.
55
How does fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome present ?
RUQ pain - referred to right shoulder tip if there is diaphragmatic irritation.
56
How is Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome managed ?
Laparoscopy Adhesiolysis - treat the adhesions
57
What is trichomonas vaginalis ?
A type of parasite that spreads through sexual intercourse. It is classed as a protozoa - single celled organism with flagella.
58
What can trichomonas increase the risk of ?
Contracting HIV Bacterial vaginosis Cervical cancer PID Pregnancy related complications
59
How does trichomoniasis present ?
Asymptomatic Vaginal discharge - frothy, yellow/green Itching Dysuria Dyspareunia Balanitis
60
How does trichomoniasis look on examination ?
Strawberry cervix - tiny haemorrhages
61
How is a diagnosis of trichomoniasis made ?
Charcoal swab with microscopy - posterior fornix swab Urethral or first catch urine - men
62
What is the management of trichomoniasis ?
Referral to GUM Treatment with metronidazole
63
Where does herpes remain latent in the body ?
Trigeminal nerve ganglion for cold sores Sacral nerve ganglia for genital herpes
64
What are some signs and symptoms of genital herpes ?
Ulcers or blistering lesions Neuropathic type pain - tingling, burning Flu-like symptoms Dysuria Inguinal lymphadenopathy
65
How is a diagnosis of genital herpes made ?
Clinical Viral PCR swab from a lesion
66
What is the management of genital herpes ?
GUM referral Aciclovir Paracetamol Topical lidocaine Oral fluids Avoid intercourse
67
What is the main issue of genital herpes in pregnancy ?
Neonatal herpes simplex infection
68
What is the management of genital herpes in pregnancy ?
Aciclovir followed by prophylactic aciclovir starting from 36 weeks onwards C section recommended
69
What is AIDS ?
AIDS occurs when HIV is not treated. The disease progresses and then the person becomes Immunocompromised leading to opportunistic infections and AIDS-defining illnesses
70
What is HIV ?
An RNA retrovirus which enters and destroys CD4 t helper cells of the immune system.
71
How does HIV present ?
An initial seroconversion flu-like illness occurs within a few weeks of infection. Then asymptomatic until the condition has progressed to immunodeficiency. This may occur years after initial infection.
72
How is HIV transmitted ?
Unprotected anal, vaginal or oral sexual activity Mother to child - vertical Mucous membrane, blood or open wound exposed to infected fluids
73
What is an AIDS defining illness ?
Illnesses associated with end stage HIV infection. These occur where the CD4 count has dropped to a level that allows for unusual opportunistic infections and malignancies to appear.
74
What are some AIDS defining illnesses ?
Kaposi’s sarcoma Pneumocytitis jiroveci pneumonia Cytomegalovirus infection Candidiasis - oesophageal or bronchial Lymphomas TB
75
What investigations are performed when suspecting HIV ?
Antibodies to HIV and the p24 antigen
76
What is used to monitor HIV ?
Testing the CD4 count in the blood HIV RNA indicated the viral load
77
What is the management of HIV ?
Specialist HIV, infectious disease or GUM centres Antiretroviral therapy medications ( 2 NRTI’s like tenofovir + emtricitabine and a third agent like bictagravir )
78
What should be given as prophylactic treatment in HIV patients with a CD4 count below 200 ?
Prophylactic co-trimoxazole to protect against pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
79
What prophylaxis is given to the baby after delivery in a mother with a HIV count of under 50 copies ?
Given zidovudine for 2-4 weeks
80
What prophylaxis is given to a high risk baby after delivery in a mother with HIV ?
Zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine for 4 weeks
81
Is breastfeeding safe in HIV ?
No
82
When should post-exposure prophylaxis be started to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV ?
Less than 72 hours
83
What is medications are used as post-exposure prophylaxis in HIV ?
Combination of ART therapy Emtricitabine / tenofovir and raltegravir for 28 dyas
84
What is the medication of choice for pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV ?
Emtricitabine / tenofovir
85
What is syphilis caused by ?
Is caused by the bacteria treponema pallidum - it is a spirochete a spiral shaped bacteria. STI
86
How is syphilis transmitted ?
Oral, vaginal or anal sex Vertical transmission IV drug use Blood transfusions
87
What is primary syphilis ?
Involves a painless ulcer at the original site of infection
88
What is secondary syphilis ?
Involves systemic symptoms particularly of the skin and mucous membranes particularly of the skin and mucous membranes. These symptoms can resolve after 3-12 weeks then the patient enters the latent stage.
89
What is latent syphilis ?
Occurs after the secondary stage of syphilis where symptoms disappear and the patient becomes asymptomatic despite still being infected.
90
What is tertiary syphilis ?
Can occur many years after the initial infection and affect many organs of the body.
91
What is Neurosyphilis ?
Occurs if the infection involves the CNS presenting with neurological symptoms
92
How does primary syphilis present ?
A painless genital ulcer that tends to resolve over 3-8 weeks Local lymphadenopathy
93
How does secondary syphilis present ?
Maculopapular rash Condylomata lata Low grade fever Lymphadenopathy Alopecia Oral lesions
94
How does tertiary syphilis present ?
Gummatous lesions Aortic aneurysms Neurosyphilis
95
How does Neurosyphilis present ?
Headache Altered behaviour Dementia Tabes dorsalis - demyelination affecting the spinal cord posterior columns Ocular syphilis Paralysis Sensory impairment
96
What is an Argyll-Robertson pupil ??
It is a constricted pupil that accommodates when focusing on a near object but does not react to light.
97
What is used as a screening test for syphilis ?
Antibody testing to the T pallidum bacteria
98
What tests are used to confirm the presence of t.pallidum ?
Dark field microscopy Polymerase cain reaction ( PCR )
99
What is the management of syphilis ?
GUM referral Single deep IM benzathine benzylpenicillin Contact tracing

Y4 Obs & Gynae (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions