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HIST midterm > genocide in nazi empire > Flashcards

genocide in nazi empire Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the three Nazi ‘projects’ related to the genocide?

A
  • Purification of German race through elimination of mentally and physically impaired
  • Colonization of the East (Lebensraum)
  • Final Solution of the European Jews -> Holocaust

The ‘Final Solution’ refers to the plan for the systematic extermination of Jews during World War II.

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2
Q

What does the term ‘Holocaust’ mean in Greek?

A

‘a completely (holos) burnt (kaustos) sacrificial offering’

This term is used to describe the genocide of Jews during World War II.

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3
Q

What is the Hebrew term for Holocaust and its meaning?

A

‘Shoah’, meaning ‘calamity’ or ‘catastrophe’

‘Shoah’ is often used to describe the Holocaust in a more culturally sensitive manner.

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4
Q

How does the USHMM define the Holocaust?

A

‘the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies and collaborators.’

The Holocaust also targeted other groups based on perceived racial and biological inferiority.

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5
Q

Which other groups were targeted during the Holocaust besides Jews?

A
  • Roma (Gypsies)
  • People with disabilities
  • Some Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others)
  • Soviet prisoners of war
  • Blacks
  • Political and ideological groups (Communists, Socialists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals)

These groups were persecuted for various reasons including their perceived racial inferiority or political beliefs.

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6
Q

What is anti-Judaism often associated with?

A

Deicide

Deicide refers to the killing of a god, which historically has been attributed to Jews in Christian doctrine.

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7
Q

What restrictions were imposed on Jews historically?

A
  • No ‘citizens’
  • Professional restrictions
  • Distinctive clothing
  • Ghettos

These restrictions were part of broader antisemitic policies that segregated Jewish communities.

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8
Q

What was the significance of emancipation for Jews in the 18th/19th centuries?

A

It marked a shift towards greater rights and integration into society

Emancipation efforts aimed to reduce the legal and social restrictions on Jews.

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9
Q

Who coined the term ‘antisemitism’ and when?

A

Wilhelm Marr in 1879

The term was created to describe a specific form of prejudice against Jews.

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10
Q

What was the perceived conflict in Hitler’s ideology regarding Jews?

A

The impossibility of reconciling Germanness and Jewishness

Hitler believed that Jews could not be integrated into the German nation.

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11
Q

What percentage of the German population were Jews before Hitler’s rise to power?

A

Less than 1%

Despite their small numbers, Jews held a prominent position in German society.

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12
Q

What role did German Jews play during World War I?

A

They were patriotic citizens who participated in the war

Many German Jews fought for Germany during WWI, contrary to the later Nazi portrayal of Jews as disloyal.

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13
Q

What was Hitler’s view of the Aryan race?

A

The Aryan superior race had the right to expand its territories to the East

This expansionist ideology was a driving force behind Nazi policies.

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14
Q

What did Hitler believe about Jews in relation to other races?

A

Jews were parasites living off other races and destroying them

This dehumanizing view justified the Nazi regime’s actions against Jews.

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15
Q

What did the protection of the Volk imply in Hitler’s ideology?

A

A series of actions against internal and external enemies

‘Volk’ refers to the German people, and Hitler’s ideology emphasized protecting them from perceived threats.

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16
Q

What was the total number of synagogues burned?

Kristallnacht

A

1,350 Synagogues burned

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17
Q

How many Jews were arrested and held in camps?

Kristallnacht

A

30,000 Jews arrested and held in camps

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18
Q

What was the total number of businesses destroyed?

Kristallnacht

A

7,000 businesses destroyed

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19
Q

What was the collective fine imposed for vom Rath’s murder?

A

One billion marks

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20
Q

By the beginning of WWII, how many Jews had left Germany?

A

Approximately 280,000 Jews

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21
Q

What was the approximate population of Jews in German territory on the eve of WWII?

A

Approximately 215,000 Jews

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22
Q

What year did the euthanasia program begin?

A

1939

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23
Q

List the methods used in the euthanasia program.

A
  • Overdose
  • Starvation
  • Gas
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24
Q

How many victims were there in the T4 program?

Tiergartenstrasse 4

A

Approximately 250,000 victims

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25
What was Poland used as after the outbreak of WWII?
Laboratory
26
What were some of the fates of the Polish elite during the Nazi occupation?
* Expulsion * Denationalization * Enslavement * Socio-cultural and economic destruction
27
What was the approximate Jewish population in Poland in 1939?
Approximately 3 Million Jews
28
When did the elimination of Jewish Poles begin?
Immediately
29
What was the Nisko Plan?
Creation of a Jewish reservation in the area of Lublin and Nisko
30
Why was the Nisko Plan canceled?
Governor Hans Frank was against the presence of a Jewish state in his territory
31
What was the Madagascar Plan?
Possibility of shipping Jews to Madagascar
32
Why was the Madagascar Plan discarded?
It was deemed impractical due to multiple factors
33
List some reasons why the Madagascar Plan was considered impractical.
* Nazis had not prevailed in the Battle of Britain * Seas were a dangerous war zone * Not enough ships * Suez Canal inaccessible * Resources required for deportation were scarce * Fear of a 'Jewish Vatican'
34
What is ghettoization?
Concentration of Jews in enclosed spaces known as ghettos ## Footnote For the Nazis, this was a temporary measure to control and segregate Jews from the rest of the population before deportation to killing centers.
35
How many Jews died in ghettos between 1939 and 1941?
Half a million Jews ## Footnote Deaths were due to diseases or killings by guards.
36
What operation marked the beginning of the Holocaust by bullets?
Operation Barbarossa ## Footnote This operation began in June 1941.
37
Who were the Einsatzgruppen?
Special Action Groups responsible for mass shootings of Jews ## Footnote They operated alongside local collaborators.
38
What was the Pale of Settlement?
A 'hunting ground' during WWII for the Nazis to target Jews ## Footnote Local populations, including non-German auxiliaries, collaborated in the killings.
39
Who were the non-German auxiliaries involved in the Holocaust?
Ukrainians, Latvians, ethnic Germans, Byelorussians ## Footnote They were recruited or coerced into participation.
40
What tactics were used to involve local populations in the killings?
Threats, bribes, alcohol, promised privileges ## Footnote Many were either recruited or coerced to participate.
41
What did the Polish Institute of National Remembrance confirm in 2000?
The main perpetrators of Jewish killings were ethnic Poles ## Footnote This confirmation led to an investigation.
42
What significant event occurred at a memorial ceremony in Jedwabne in 2001?
The Polish president apologized on behalf of the country ## Footnote This was in relation to the involvement of ethnic Poles in the Holocaust.
43
What happened to Jews during the actions of the Einsatzgruppen?
Jews were rounded up, undressed, and shot into large pits ## Footnote This process was documented by Germans and resulted in over a million deaths before the use of gas chambers.
44
True or False: The actions of the Einsatzgruppen were a secret.
False ## Footnote Their actions were hardly a secret and were documented.
45
What was a reason for the establishment of camps?
Too many Jews -> “waste” of food, hotbeds for diseases, overcrowded ghettos ## Footnote The Nazis viewed the large population of Jews as a logistical problem that needed a solution.
46
Why were shootings considered inefficient by the Nazis?
Witnesses, labor intensive, “waste” of ammunitions, psychological toll ## Footnote The psychological impact on the perpetrators and the visibility of the killings made this method less desirable.
47
What methods were implemented for Soviet POWs?
Labor/elimination ## Footnote The Nazis found these methods to be more efficient in achieving their goals.
48
Who were the experts involved in the T4 programme?
T4 programme “experts” ## Footnote This program focused on the systematic killing of those deemed unfit or undesirable.
49
When were German, Austrian, and Czech Jews sent to camps in the East?
September 1941 ## Footnote This marked a significant escalation in the Nazi regime's persecution of Jews.
50
What was the fate of Western Jews between 1942 and 1943?
Sent to transit ghettos in the East ## Footnote These ghettos were temporary holding areas before deportation to camps.
51
What were the first two killing centers for Jews from ghettos?
Chelmno (1941) and Belzec (1942) ## Footnote These centers were part of the early systematic extermination efforts.
52
What percentage of murdered Jews were still alive in 1942?
75% ## Footnote This statistic highlights the rapid escalation of the Holocaust.
53
What were some methods of extermination in the camps?
Starvation, experiments, exploitation to death ## Footnote These methods contributed to the high death toll in the camps.
54
Who were the guards in the camps?
Not only Germans, included Trawniki (Soviet POWs and Eastern European men) ## Footnote This indicates the broader collaboration in the extermination efforts.
55
What was the total number of Sinti/Roma who died in camps?
90,000/150,000 Sinti/Roma ## Footnote This reflects the targeted persecution of these groups during the Holocaust.
56
How many Jehovah's Witnesses died between 1933 and 1945?
Between 2,500 and 5,000 ## Footnote The exact numbers remain uncertain due to the lack of comprehensive records.
57
What was Operation Reinhard?
Planned in fall 1941 by SS General Reinhard Heydrich ## Footnote This operation aimed at the systematic elimination of Jews in the General Government.
58
What were the three killing centers associated with Operation Reinhard?
Sobibor, Treblinka, and Belzec ## Footnote These centers were responsible for the deaths of millions.
59
What was the approximate number of victims of Operation Reinhard?
Ca. 1.7 million victims (Jews, POWs, Poles, Roma) ## Footnote This figure includes a diverse range of targeted groups.
60
What was the method of killing used in the camps?
Carbon monoxide ## Footnote This method was adopted from the T4 program.
61
What happened to the camps in 1943?
Camps dismantled ## Footnote This was part of the Nazis' efforts to cover up their crimes.
62
What items were victims stripped of at the killing centers?
Eyeglasses, clothing, suitcases, shoes, cash, luxury goods ## Footnote This dehumanization process was part of the extermination protocol.
63
Who were the Sonderkommandos?
Prisoners forced to assist in the extermination process ## Footnote They played a crucial yet tragic role in the operation of the camps.
64
What items were found by liberators at the end of the war in the camps?
Shoes, hair, glasses, gold teeth ## Footnote These items belonged to people murdered by Nazis and collaborators.
65
What was done with the hair found in the camps?
Disinfected, dried, packed in sacks, and sold to German companies ## Footnote Used as raw material for haircloth and felt.
66
Where is Auschwitz-Birkenau-Monowitz located?
Near Krakow
67
What were the three main functions of Auschwitz?
Concentration, forced-labor, killing
68
When was Auschwitz-Birkenau last established as a killing center?
January 1945
69
What gas was used to kill most Jews arriving at Auschwitz?
Zyklon B
70
What happened to the remaining inmates at Auschwitz?
Worked to death for German companies
71
Where were tattoos only given to prisoners?
Auschwitz
72
What was the name of the storage area for goods taken from prisoners?
Kanada
73
What was the estimated number of Jews deported to Auschwitz between 1940 and 1945?
1,095,000
74
What was the estimated number of Jews killed at Auschwitz?
960,000
75
How many non-Jewish Poles were deported to Auschwitz?
140,000/150,000
76
What was the estimated number of non-Jewish Poles killed at Auschwitz?
74,000
77
How many Roma were deported to Auschwitz?
23,000
78
What was the estimated number of Roma killed at Auschwitz?
21,000
79
How many Soviet POWs were deported and killed at Auschwitz?
15,000
80
What was the estimated number of other groups deported to Auschwitz?
25,000
81
What was the estimated number of other groups killed at Auschwitz?
10,000/15,000
82
What were the 'death marches'?
Inmates forced to march towards Germany as Allies advanced
83
When did the death marches occur?
Late 1944/1945
84
Until what date did the death marches continue?
May 8, 1945

HIST midterm (1 decks)

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