Gentrification

Question 1

Gentrification is

Answer 1

the transformation of a working class area into a middle class area (Lees et al., 2008)

Question 2

The buildings are

Answer 2

renovated from shabby apartments into expensive residences (Glass, 1964)

Question 3

Cumulative causation

Answer 3

Once it starts it changes the whole area (Glass, 1964)

Question 4

the 4 themes

Answer 4

Davidson and Lees, 2000

• Reinvestment into housing
• Displacement of lower income
• In-movement of higher income
• Transformation of landscape (sushi-index)

Question 5

Limitations of Gentrification Research

Answer 5

Exclusive in coverage - only 26 cities in Europe studied from 2009-2018 (Kadi ,2019)

75% of studies are on top 5 cities

Is the research an accurate reflection of global gentrification impact

Question 6

Why has gentrification happened in cities

Answer 6

Cities de-industrialised and became quaternary sector heavy

Rich people moved back into cities

‘renovation of inner working class housing was inconceivable in 60s’ (Bridge, 2001)

Question 7

should we blame gentrifiers

Answer 7

Blaming gentrifiers a ‘misplaced charge’ (Ley, 2003)

Question 8

Supply-side causes

Answer 8

product of profit-driven property system
not individual choice but operation of profit driven market

Rent-gap : potential rent vs actual rent.

Question 9

Rent-gap citation

Answer 9

Smith, 1979 - gent. occurs when the gap is wide enough that developers can purchase cheaply, redo and sell with good return. neighbourhood recycle and begins new cycle

Question 10

Combination of S and D side

Answer 10

Neither can explain G alone
- case by case (Beauregard, 1986)

Question 11

4 goods on G.

Answer 11

1. improves declining areas
2. Increased local tax revenue (Hypothecated into loss of affordable housing)
3. reduction of suburban sprawl
4. Increased property value (those displaced sell at higher price)

Question 12

4 Bads

Answer 12

Displacement
Community resentment
Loss of affordable housing

Research literature overwhelmingly sees it to have negative impacts (Atkinson, 2002)

Question 13

Counter arguments to bad

Answer 13

Displacement limited and negligible
Households stay put and appreciate improvement in New York case study (Freeman et al., 2004)

Question 14

Mental displacement

Answer 14

Alienation/Social rather than physical displacement (Atkinson, 2015)

Question 15

‘Tourism Gentrification’

Answer 15

(Gotham, 2005) (Cocola Grant, 2019)

Question 16

Classic TG terms

Answer 16

‘disneyfication’ , temporary accommodation, transnational chain ownership, local population pushed out but work in the hotelier industry.

Question 17

New Urban Tourism (Germany)

Answer 17

off the beaten path, authentic experience, alternative
Berlin, Kronenburg district
NUT (Michel, 2019)

Question 18

Airbnb contribution to NUT

Answer 18

peer to peer platforms contribute to ‘authentic feel’ sometimes in more residential non-tourist areas (Michel, 2019)

Question 19

NUT areas becoming overly touristy

Answer 19

Spatial expansion of NUT areas that turn attractive small centres in urban peripheries into new leisure areas (Ba et al., 2021)

Question 20

New York NUT

Answer 20

Hernandez, 2023
Transformation of Bushwick, Brooklyn

neglect and decay –> symbol of gentrification and popular NUT destination

Nut tourists help sustain local hipster culture through consumption patterns

Now, over-gentrification endangers the uniqueness of the area - RISK

Question 21

Portuguese NUT

Answer 21

Almada outside Lisbon, insider tip to immerse oneself in authentic local life and avoid mass tourism (Ba et al., 2021)