GENV final

Question 1

activity spaces

Answer 1

where daily activity is done

Question 2

Belfast Peace wall

Answer 2

separating Protestants and Catholics

Question 3

interface areas

Answer 3

where neighbourhoods meet and where violence and trauma occur

Question 4

religion

Answer 4

form of belief that allows us to make sense of life

Question 5

perceived ultimate priorities

Answer 5

shoulds; how they and others should behave based on their religious beliefs

Question 6

secularism

Answer 6

indifference to or rejection of formal religion

Question 7

most secular countries in the world are located in

Answer 7

europe

Question 8

how many americans say religion is very important in their life? France? GB? Czech republic?

Subsaharan Africa, south asia, southwast asia, and south america?

Answer 8

US: 55%
France: 13%
GB: 19%
Czech rep: 7%

78-98%

Question 9

when did Christian church dominate politics, economics, and culture in europe?

Answer 9

Middle ages

Question 10

monotheistic religions

Answer 10

worship a single deity (God)

Question 11

polytheistic religions

Answer 11

worship more than one deity

Question 12

Animistic religions

Answer 12

centered on the belief that inanimate objects, such as mountains, boulders, rivers, and trees possess spirits and should therefore be revered

Question 13

throughout history, what dietic style was most common in religion?

Answer 13

animistic, polytheistic, or both

Question 14

Zoroastrianism

Answer 14

southwest Asia

3500 years ago

OG monotheistic religion

Question 15

by ___ BCE, __ major hearths of religion and philosophy had developed in the world

Answer 15

500 BCE; four hearths (hinduism, judaism, chinese phil, and greek phil)

Question 16

Hearth fo Hinduisim

Answer 16

South Asia, along the Indus river valley (now part of pakistan)

Question 17

hearth of judaism

Answer 17

eastern mediterranean

Question 18

hearth of Chinese philosophy

Answer 18

Huang He *yellow River) valley in China

Question 19

hearth of greek philosophy

Answer 19

northern shores of the mediterranean sea

Question 20

two biggest religions today are ___ and ____; both were influenced by ____ & ______

Answer 20

christianity and islam

judaism and greek philosophy

Question 21

why are world religion maps not perfect?

Answer 21

can cover areas with large minorities adhering to a religion

doesn’t recognize the historical influence of now non-dominant religions in an area

doesn’t reflect rising secularism

Question 22

adhering to christianity

Answer 22

2.2 bil

Question 23

adhering to islam

Answer 23

1.6 bil

Question 24

adhering to hinduism

Answer 24

950 mil

Question 25

adhering to Buddhism

Answer 25

347 mil

Question 26

universalizing religions

Answer 26

actively seek converts because they view themselves as offering belief system of universal appropriateness and appeal

christianity, islam, and bhuddhism

relatively few in number and are of recent origin

Question 27

ethnic religion

Answer 27

adherent are born into the faith and converts are not actively sought

tend to be spatially concentrated (except judaism)

Question 28

adherents to ethnic religions

Answer 28

405 mil

Question 29

adherents to judaism

Answer 29

14 mil

Question 30

why did judaism spread despite being ethnic religion?

Answer 30

forced and voluntary migrations

southwest asia, europe, NA, and SA

Question 31

hinduism’s rank as world religion

Answer 31

third (after christianity and island

Question 32

The common account of the history of Hinduism

although ambiguous

Answer 32

the religion is based on ancient practices in the Indus River cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The ancient practices included ritual bathing and belief in reincarnation, or at least a long journey after death. The common history says that Aryans invaded (some say migrated into) the Indus region and gave the name Hinduism to the diverse religion

Question 33

when did hinduism start?

Answer 33

over 4000 years ago

Question 34

diffusion of hinduism

Answer 34

no longer in hearth of pakistan (which is majroity muslim)

Hinuism -> India

flooding of Indus river lead to migration to Ganges river (sacred river)

then south asia -> southeast asia

relocation diffusion led ot pockets not regions (because it is not universalizing)

Question 35

is hinduism polytheistic?

Answer 35

depends who you ask

some say yes

other say no (Brahman and expressions of Brahman)

Question 36

hinduism is NOT ____ ____ but is an ____ ____

Answer 36

NOT centrally organized (no bureaucratic structure or official book, maybe vedas)

YES ethnic religion (not universalizing)

Question 37

karma and reincarnation

Answer 37

fundamental doctrine of hinduism

as to do with the transferability of the soul

all beings have souls and are arranged in a hierarchy. The ideal is to move upward in the hierarchy and then escape from the eternal cycle of reincarnation through union with Brahman (the universal soul). A soul moves upward or downward according to the individual’s behavior in the present life. Good deeds and adherence to the faith lead to a higher level in the next life, whereas bad behavior leads to demotion to a lower level. All souls, those of animals as well as humans, participate in this process. The principle of reincarnation is a cornerstone of Hinduism.

Question 38

caste system

Answer 38

locks people into particular social classes and imposes many restrictions, especially in the lowest of the cstes and in those ocnsidered beneath the cast system (Dalits)

Question 39

syncretic religion

Answer 39

compromise religion

Sikhism (Islam and Hinduism)

Question 40

when did buddhism start?

Answer 40

over 2500 years ago

split from Hinduism

Question 41

who founded buddhism?

Answer 41

Prince Siddhartha (Buddha), who was heir to a wealthy kingdom in what is now Nepal

Question 42

important buddhist convert?

Answer 42

emperor asoka (3rd C BCE)

Indian empire from Punjab to Bengal, Himalayan foothills to Mysore

Question 43

diffusion of buddhism

Answer 43

hearth in India/nepal

diffused out of india into south asia

then west into mediterranean, north into Tibet, east into China, Korean, Kaman, Vietnam and Indonesia (over ten c)

Today Buddhism is practiced by relatively few in India, but it thrives in Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Nepal, Tibet, and Korea. Along with other faiths, Buddhism is part of Japanese culture.

Question 44

major forms of modern buddhism

Answer 44

(1) Mahayana, (2) theravadea, and (3) Vajrayana (Tiebetan)

Question 45

first form of buddhism to diffuse

explanation

Answer 45

Theravada -> sri lanka, myanmar, thailand, laos, cambodia

Theravada Buddhism holds that salvation is a personal matter, achieved through good behavior and reli- gious activities, including periods of service as a monk or nun. Theravada Buddhists tie their teachings back to the his- torical Buddha and contend that their beliefs are the “true Buddhism.”

Question 46

second form of buddhism to diffuse

explanation

Answer 46

Mahayana (northern India) -> China, Bietnam, Korean, and Japan

“the greater vehicle,” and the idea is that more people can achieve enlightenment through its teachings than through the strict teachings of Theravada Buddhism. The Buddha is regarded as a divine savior, and other great Buddhists are regarded as bodhisattvas (those who have reached enlighten- ment) and are worshipped along with the Buddha. Mahayana Buddhists do not serve as monks, but they spend much time in personal meditation and worship, believing that achieving enlightenment helps all beings on Earth. Mahayana Buddhism was influenced by Chinese and Japanese religions, including Taoism and Shintoism.

Question 47

last/ third branch of buddhism to be established

Answer 47

Vajrayana (Tiebetan) -> north from India to Tibet and Mongolia

emphasizes the role of the guru or lama as religious and political leader

Gurus in Vajrayana Buddhism use man- tras, tantras, and meditation to help followers achieve enlight- enment faster than the bodhisattva approach in Mahayana Buddhism, which can take several lifetimes.

Question 48

Shintoism

Answer 48

local ethnic religion in Japan

The Japanese emperor made Shintoism the state religion of Japan in the nineteenth century, giving him- self the status of divine-right monarch. At the end of World War II, Japan separated Shintoism from the emperor, taking away the state sanctioning of the religion. At the same time, the role of the emperor in Japan was diminished and given a ceremonial status. The number of Shinto adherents in Japan is somewhere between 105 and 118 million, depending on the source. The majority of Japanese observe both Buddhism and Shintoism.

Question 49

Taoism

Answer 49

scholars trace the religion to an older con- temporary of Confucius, Lao-Tsu, who published a volume titled Tao-te-ching, or “Book of the Way.” In his teachings, Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature: People, he said, should learn to live in harmony with nature.

Feng Shui/ geomancers

Taoist virtues are simplicity and spontaneity, tenderness, and tranquility

Question 50

Feng Shui (taoism)

Answer 50

the art and science of organizing living spaces in order to channel the life forces that exist in nature in favorable ways

Question 51

geomancers (taoism)

Answer 51

people who know the desires of the powerful spirits of ances- tors, dragons, tigers, and other beings that occupy the natural world and can give advice on how to order things according to Feng Shui.

Question 52

Confucianism

Answer 52

mainly a philosophy of life, and like Taoism, it had great and lasting impacts on Chinese life

argued that human virtues and abilities, not heritage, should determine a person’s position and responsibilities in society.

Question 53

when did confucius live?

Answer 53

551-479 BCE

Question 54

diffusion of confucianism

Answer 54

early into the Korena peninsula, japan and southeast asia (influenced the practice of buddhism)

more recently, chinese immigrants expanded it to southeast asia (+ europe and NA)

Question 55

distribution of judaism

Answer 55

distributed throughout parts of South- west Asia and North Africa, Russia, Ukraine, Europe, and parts of North and South America

of all the world’s 14 million Jews, 40.5 percent live in the United States, 40.2 percent live in Israel, and then in rank order, less than 5 percent live in France, Canada, the United Kingdom, Russia, and Argentina

Question 56

branches of judaism

Answer 56

orthodox, conservative movement, reform

Question 57

diffusion of judaism

Answer 57

diaspora: scattering of Jews after the Roman destruction of Jerusalem

Jews who went north into Central Europe came to be known as Ashkenazim

Jews who scattered across North Africa and into the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) are called Sephardim

For centuries, both were persecuted, denied citizenship, driven into ghettos, and massacred.

after holocaust: Jews from all over the world concluded that their only hope of survival was to establish a strongly defended homeland on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean.

became a reality in 1948, when a United Nations resolution carved two states, Israel and Palestine

Question 58

diaspora

Answer 58

term now signifies the spatial dispersion of members of any ethnic group

Question 59

zionism

Answer 59

rooted in the belief that Jews should not be absorbed into other societies

The idea of a homeland for the Jewish people, which became popular during the nineteenth century

Question 60

hearth of christianity

Answer 60

traced back to the same hearth in the Mediterranean as judaism

Question 61

founder of christianity

Answer 61

single founder = jesus

Question 62

branches of christianity

Answer 62

first split: roman catholic (rome) and eastern orthodox church (constantinople)

second: roman catholic and protestant

Question 63

roman catholic church

Answer 63

claims the most adherents of all Christian denominations (more than 1 billion).

Centered in Rome, Catholic theology teaches the infallibility of the pope in interpreting Jesus’ teachings and in formulating ways to navigate through the modern world.

The power of the Roman Catholic Church peaked in the Middle Ages, when the Church controlled sources of knowledge and worked in conjunction with monarchs to rule much of western Europe.

Question 64

Black Death during the 1300s and religion

Answer 64

the deaths that

resulted caused many Europeans to question the role of religion in their lives.

Question 65

protestant reformation

Answer 65

During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, John Huss, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others challenged fundamental teachings of Roman Catholicism and opposed the practices of Church leaders

Question 66

counter-reformation

Answer 66

Like Buddhism’s challenge to Hinduism, the Protestant Reformation affected Roman Catholicism, which answered some of the challenges to its theology with this reformation

Question 67

diffusion of christianity

Answer 67

expansion and relocation diffusion in Western europe

Christianity declined during the centuries immediately after the fall of the Roman Empire

Then a form of contagious diffusion took place as the religious ideas that had been kept alive in remote places such as coastal Ireland and Scotland spread throughout western Europe

Eastern Orthodox faith-> contagious diffusion took place from the religion’s hearth in Constantinople to the north and northeast

Protestantism began in several parts of western Europe and expanded to some degree through contagious dif- fusion. Much of its spread in Northern and Central Europe, however, was through hierarchical diffusion, as political leaders would convert and then the population would gradually accept the new state religion.

worldwide diffusion of Christianity occurred during the era of European colonialism beginning in the sixteenth century.

Question 68

number of christian denominations today

Answer 68

over 33,000

Question 69

youngest of the major religions

Answer 69

Islam

Question 70

found of islam

Answer 70

Muhammad (born in Mecca in 570 CE)

came to be viewed as the one true prophet

Question 71

Islam

Answer 71

The central precept of Islam is that there is but one god, who occasionally reveals himself through the prophets—first and foremost Muhammad, but Abraham and Jesus are regarded as non-divine prophets.

Another key precept is that Earthly matters are profane; only Allah is pure. Allah’s will is absolute; he is omnipotent and omniscient.

Muslims believe that all humans live in a world that was created for their use but only until the final judgment day.

Question 72

five pillars of islam

Answer 72

repeated expressions of the basic creed, frequent prayer, a month of daytime fasting, almsgiving, and, if possible, at least one pilgrimage to Mecca in one’s lifetime

Question 73

branches of islam

Answer 73

sunni (majority) and sh’ite (shiah; concentrated in Iran)

Question 74

diffusion of islam

Answer 74

At the time of his death in 632 CE, Muhammad and his followers had converted kings on the Arabian Peninsula to Islam.

The kings then used their armies to spread the faith across the Arabian Peninsula through invasion and conquest.

Moving west, in waves of invasion and conquest, Islam diffused throughout North Africa.

By the early ninth century, the Muslim world included emirates extending from Egypt to Morocco, a caliphate occupying most of Spain and Portugal, and a unified realm encompassing Arabia, the Middle East, Iran, and most of what is today Pakistan.

Ultimately, the Arab Empire extended from Morocco to India and from Turkey to Ethiopia.

Through trade, Muslims later spread their faith across the Indian Ocean into Southeast Asia

As Muslim traders settled trading ports in Southeast Asia, they established new secondary hearths of Islam and worked to diffuse the religion contagiously from the secondary hearths

Recent diffusion of Islam into Europe (beyond Spain and the Balkan Peninsula), South Africa, and the Americas has largely been a result of migration—of relocation diffusion.

Question 75

fastest growing religion

Answer 75

Islam

Question 76

Indigenous religions

Answer 76

local in scope, usually have a reverence for nature, and are passed down through family units and groups (tribes) of indigenous peoples

Question 77

why are Indigenous religions grouped?

Answer 77

because they share the same pressures from the diffusion of global religions—and they have survived

Question 78

Shamanism

Answer 78

community faith in which people follow their shaman—a religious leader, teacher, healer, and visionary.

Various peoples in Africa, Native America, South- east Asia, and East Asia have embraced shamans from time to time, and they had similar effects on the cultures of widely scattered peoples.

small and comparatively isolated.

Question 79

relationship between shamanism and Indigenous religions

Answer 79

Shamanism is an Indigenous religion, an intimate part of a local culture and society, but not all indigenous religions are shamanist.

Question 80

percent of canadians who say religion is v important to them

Answer 80

30%

Question 81

pilgrimage

Answer 81

the act of travel when adherents voluntarily travel to a religious site

Question 82

sacred sites

Answer 82

places or spaces people infuse with religious meaning

from fear or reference

Question 83

Jerusalem as a sacred site

Answer 83

for Jews, Christians, and Muslims

Question 84

sacred site for Judaism

Answer 84

Western Wall at the edge of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem

Question 85

why is Jerusalem sacred for Christians?

Answer 85

jesus was crucified outside city limits

abraham’s sacrifice at the Temple wall

church of the holy sepulchre

Question 86

why is Jerusalem sacred for Muslims?

Answer 86

Dome of the Rock (adjacent to the Western Wall)

supposedly where Muhammad arrived from Mecca and then ascended into heaven

Question 87

Bodhi tree

Answer 87

When Buddha received enlightenment, he sat under a large tree, the Bodhi (enlightenment) tree at Bodh Gaya in India.

current tree is seen as descendant of the original tree

Question 88

pagoda

Answer 88

Buddhism’s most familiar structure; very fragment of its construction is a meaningful representation of Buddhist philosophy

Question 89

religious diversity

Answer 89

having a variety of religions within a small spatial unit

Question 90

hajj

Answer 90

muslim pilgrimage to Mecca

influences landscape (e.g., hotels)

Question 91

interfaith boudnaries

Answer 91

boundaries between the world’s major faiths (eg., israel/palestine)

Question 92

intrafaith boundaries

Answer 92

boudnaries within a single major faith (eg., protestand and catholic in northern ireland or Sunnia nd Sh’ite in Iraq)

Question 93

African transition zone

Answer 93

marks interfaith boundary between muslim and non-muslim regions

Question 94

British mandate

Answer 94

to make home-land for Jews in Palestine

Question 95

1967 Arab-Israel War

Answer 95

Israel gained control of the palestinian lands in Gaze, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights (occupied territories)

Question 96

Niegeria

Answer 96

Muslim in the north (Hausa-Fulani ethnic group)

Christian and animist in the south

most populous African country (168 mil)

interfaith conflict (agricultural land in the center)

southern is more wealthy with oil and is more diverse; higher female literacy, Western-ed more accepted + more health care (measured in vaccinations of babies)

Question 97

Boko Haram

Answer 97

extremist muslim group in northeast Nigeria

famous for kidnapping 25- teenage girls form school in Chibok

Question 98

Northern Ireland

Answer 98

Irish colony during colonial period: Irish catholics treated harshly and protestant migrants migrated for power and jobs

early 1900s: Irish rebelled against British colonialism -> republic of Ireland

1922 settlement saw northern Ireland stay in Protestant control

IRA in northern Ireland (Republic of Ireland did not step in

Belfast now has 99 peace lines/walls separating catholic and protestant neighborhoods

Question 99

religious fundamentalism

Answer 99

a fundamentalist group holds its religious beliefs as nonnegotiable and uncompromising.

often born out of frustration over the perceived breakdown of society’s morals and values, lack of religious authority, failure to achieve economic goals, loss of a sense of local control, failure of a govt to protect a religion, or a sense of violation of a religion’s core territory

Question 100

religious extremism

Answer 100

fundamentalism carried to the point of violence

Question 101

when did the Hundred years’ war end

Answer 101

1648

Western Europe defined their territories

Question 102

diffusion of sovereign states

Answer 102

started in Western europe after hundred years way in 1648

spread via colonialism and trade

Question 103

waves of state independence

Answer 103

1750-1939 (Americas mostly)

after 1940 (africa and asia)

Question 104

fuel of decolonization

Answer 104

desire for political and economic independence

Question 105

political geography

Answer 105

the study of the political organization of the world

Question 106

what do political geographers study?

Answer 106

he spatial manifestations of political processes at various scales

how politically meaningful spaces came into being and how these spaces influence outcomes.

Question 107

most influential political-territorial

Answer 107

individual countries (states)

Question 108

state

Answer 108

a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a govt

must be recognized as such by other states

Question 109

world map age

Answer 109

less than 400 years old

Question 110

territory

Answer 110

he modern concept of territory arose in early modern Europe as a system of political units came into being with fixed, distinct boundaries and at least quasi-independent government

Question 111

territoriality

Answer 111

the process by which such units come into being (territorities)

Question 112

sovereignty

Answer 112

a government’s right to control its own territory, both politically and militarily

Under international law, states are sovereign, and they have the right to defend their “territorial integrity” against incursion from other states

hence the importance of being recognized as a state by other states

Question 113

traces of the idea of state

Answer 113

more than two millennia ago near the southeastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea

distinct kingdoms emerged within discrete territories

Greek philosophy

larger-scale political-territorial units in the western parts of late medieval Europe as the feudal system broke down

early 17th C, large scale political-territorial units in W europe: england, france, spain

Question 114

mercantilism

Answer 114

led to the accumulation of wealth through plunder, colonization, and the protection of home industries and foreign markets.

Question 115

event marking the formal beginning of the modern state system

Answer 115

Peace of Westphalia, 1648

Question 116

state vs country vs nation

Answer 116

political geographers use state and country interchangeably (legal term in the international law and political community)

nation (culturally defined term)

Question 117

nation

Answer 117

a group of people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history, and who seek some degree of political- territorial autonomy.

simple the people within a state’s borders, but also peoples who do not have a state

Question 118

nation-state

Answer 118

a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space.

few

Question 119

democracy

Answer 119

the idea that the people are the ultimate sovereign—that is, the people, the nation, have the ultimate say over what hap- pens within the state

promoted by french Rev (1780s)

Question 120

he true age of nationalism in Europe

Answer 120

19th C

Question 121

using colonialism for nationalism

Answer 121

giving people “pride” about their empire

Question 122

multinational state

Answer 122

almost all of them

state with more than one nation inside

eg. Yugoslav (former)

Question 123

multistate nation

Answer 123

a nation stretching across borders and states

Question 124

stateless nations

Answer 124

nations without a state

eg. Palestinian Arabs (iffy)

Question 125

waves of european colonialism

Answer 125

(1) 16th C: Spain and Portugal and later Britian, France, the Netherlands, Belgium
(2) post-American independence: late 1800s: britain, france, the Netherlands, Beligium, Germany, Italy

colonial map of Africa (1884-5)

Question 126

colonialism and world economy

Answer 126

colonialism knit together widely spread economies to buidl a global economic order

Question 127

world systems theory (wallerstein)

Answer 127

view the world as much more than the sum total of the world’s states

to understand any state, we must also understand its spatial and functional relationships within the world-economy. (spatial and temportal)

(1) The world-economy has one market and a global division of labor.
(2) Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world- economy.
(3) The world-economy has a three-tier structure.
- core
- periphery
- semiperiphery

Question 128

capitalism

Answer 128

individuals, corporations, and states own land and produce goods and services that are exchanged for profit

Question 129

commodification

Answer 129

process of placing a price on a good, service, or idea and then buying, selling, and trading that item.

Question 130

three tiers of world-economy according to world-systems theory

Answer 130

core: where one is most likely to find higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology—core processes that generate more wealth in the world-economy.
periphery: more commonly has lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less sophisticated technology—peripheral processes associated with a more marginal position in the world-economy
semiperiphery: —places where core and periphery processes are both occurring—places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery; acts as a buffer between the core and periphery, preventing the polarization of the world into two extremes.

Question 131

criticism of world-systems theory

Answer 131

overemphasizes economic factors in political development

very state-centric

it does not fully account for how places move from one category to another.

Question 132

political power

Answer 132

ability to influence others

Question 133

centripetal and centrifugal

Answer 133

centripetal: forces within the state that unify the people
centrifugal: forces that divide them

whether a state continues depends on this balance

not that cleanly separated

Question 134

unitary system

Answer 134

highly centralized govts

Question 135

federal system

Answer 135

organizing state territory into regions, substates (which we refer to as States), provinces, or cantons

can we be weak (minimal local power) or strong (lots of control at local level)

Question 136

devolution

Answer 136

movement of power “downwards” from the central government to regional governments within the state

eg. catalonia? economic forces (it gives more than it gets)

Question 137

reasons for devolution

Answer 137

(1) ethno-cultural, (2) economic, (3) territorial (eg. islands)

Question 138

territorial configurations of state

Answer 138

(1) propurt (protrueded) (eg thailand)
(2) compact (eg hundary)
(3) perforated (eg south africa)
(4) elongated (chile)
(5) fragmented (eg. philippines

Question 139

reapportionment

Answer 139

process by which districts are moved according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approx the same number of people

Question 140

majority-minority districts

Answer 140

packed districts in which a majority of the population is from the minority

Question 141

gerrymandering

Answer 141

“redistricting for advantage.”

Question 142

geometric boundaries

Answer 142

drawn using grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range

Question 143

physical-political boundaries (natural-political)

Answer 143

follow an agreed-upon feature in the natural landscape, such as the center point of a river or the crest of a mountain range.

eg. Rio Grande between US adn MExico

Question 144

genetic political boundary types (how it came to be)

Answer 144

antecedent boundary: predates the development of a large-scale politically organized communities

subsequent: evolves as the cultural landscape takes shape
superimposed: forcibly drawn by outsiders
relict: ceased to function whose imprints are still evident on the cultural landscape (eg. north and south vietnam)

Question 145

forms of boundary disputes

Answer 145

definitional, locaitonal, operational, allocational

Question 146

definitional boundary disputes

Answer 146

focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement

Question 147

locational boundary disputes

Answer 147

center on the delimitation and possibly the demarcation of the boundary.

The definition is not in dispute, but its interpretation is. Sometimes the language of boundary treaties is vague enough to allow mapmakers to delimit the line in various ways

Question 148

operational boundary disputes

Answer 148

involve neighboring states that differ over the way their border should function.

When two adjoining countries agree on how cross-border migration should be controlled, the border functions satisfactorily. However, if one state wants to limit migration while the other does not, a dispute may arise.

Similarly, efforts to prevent smuggling across borders sometimes lead to operational disputes—especially when one state’s efforts are not matched (or are possibly even sabotaged) by its neighbor.

And in areas where nomadic ways of life still prevail, the movement of people and their livestock across international borders can lead to conflict.

Question 149

allocational boundary disputes

Answer 149

resources?

eg. Netherlands vs germany with gas under ground
eg. water

Question 150

germans vs British/american school of classical geopolitics

Answer 150

born out of efforts to promote the interests of individual states as the modern state system took root in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

german: sought to explain why and how certain states became powerful

british/american: sought to offer strategic advice by identifying parts of Earth’s surface that were particularly important for the maintenance and projection of power

Question 151

heartland theory

Answer 151

He concluded that a land- based power, not a sea power, would ultimately rule the world. His famous article contained a lengthy appraisal of the largest and most populous landmass on Earth—Eurasia (Europe and Asia together). At the heart of Eurasia, he argued, lay an impregnable, resource-rich “pivot area” extend- ing from eastern Europe to eastern Siberia (Fig. 8.20). Mack- inder issued a warning: If this pivot area became unified, a great empire could be formed.

Question 152

critical geopolitics

Answer 152

“intellectuals of statecraft” construct ideas about geographical circumstances and places, these ideas influence and rein- force their political behaviors and policy choices, and those behaviors and choices then affect what happens and how most people interpret what happens.

Question 153

unilateralism

Answer 153

type of geopolitical world order

Question 154

supranational organization

Answer 154

entity composed of three or more states that forges an association and forms an administrative structure for mutual benefit and in pursuit of shared goals.

Question 155

league of nations

Answer 155

after WWI

only 63 ish members

began supranational organizations

Question 156

UN

Answer 156

after WWII (1947)

now has over 190 members (193)

Question 157

the state is moving to solidify control over its territory through a process known as ____

Answer 157

reterritorialization

Question 158

central business district (CBD)

Answer 158

a concentration of business and commerce in the city’s downtown

Question 159

synekism

Answer 159

“conditions that derive from dwelling together in a particular home place or space”

Question 160

urban

Answer 160

of or belonging to a city

used to be pop of more than 1000

the built-up space of the central city and suburbs.

nonrural and nonagricultura

characterized by occupational specialization, where people work in a wide variety of fields

Question 161

cities have ____

Answer 161

govt and their citizens pay taxes to support public services

Question 162

when did urbanization explode

Answer 162

mid 1700s with the Industrial rev

Question 163

city

Answer 163

an agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics.

Question 164

agricultural village

Answer 164

everyone is involved in agriculture and live at near-subsistence levels

Question 165

Two components enabled cities to stabilize and grow

Answer 165

agricultural surplus and social stratification.

Question 166

leadership class or urban elite

Answer 166

consisted of a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others

Question 167

first urban revolution (innovation of the city)

Answer 167

occurred independently in six separate hearth (ind invention)

people became engaged in economic activities beyond agriculture, including specialty crafts, the military, trade, and government.

Question 168

hearths of first urban rev

Answer 168

5) mesoamerica (1100 BCE)
6) peru (900 BCE)
2) nile valley (3200 BCE)
1) mesopotamia (3500 BCE)
3) indus valley (2200 BCE)
4) huang he valley (1500 BCE)

Question 169

ex secondary urban hearth

Answer 169

Greece (from mesopotamia) (and then to roman empire)

agora: markety
acropolis: high point of city (with beautiful structures)

Question 170

urban morphology

Answer 170

the layout of the city, its physical form and structure.

including sizes and shapes of buildings and all pathways of infrastructure

Question 171

OG trade routes?

Answer 171

interior (interior of continents)

changes with maritime exploration and overseas colonization

Question 172

second agricultural revolution

Answer 172

mechanisms of agriculture

beyond subsistence to surplus (allowed people to work in factories)

During the late 17th c and into the 18th C, Europeans made a series of important improvements in agriculture, including invention of the seed drill, hybrid seeds, and improved breeding practices for livestock.

also improved organization of production, market collaboration, and storage capacities

Agricultural laborers migrated to cities in hopes of obtaining jobs in the formal economy, which included wages usable in the growing cash-based economies of Europe. Manufacturers tapped into the new labor force and expanded industrial production

Question 173

trade area

Answer 173

an adjacent region within which its influence is dominant.

Question 174

themes in quantitative studies in urban geography

Answer 174

population, trade area, distance

Question 175

rank-size rule

Answer 175

in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.

The rank-size rule does not apply in all countries, especially countries with one dominant cit

Question 176

primate city

Answer 176

a country’s leading city, always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling.

Question 177

goal of central place theory

Answer 177

goal: to predict where central places in the urban hierarchy would be located

Question 178

assumptions of central place theory

Answer 178

assumptions: (1) the surface of the ideal region would be flat and have no physical barrier, (2) soil fertility would be the same everywhere, (3) population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed, (4) region would have a uniform transportation network to permit direct travel from each settlement to the other; and, (5) from any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions as far from the city as might be profitable.

Question 179

central place theory

Answer 179

He assumed that in the urban hierarchy, central places would be nested, with the largest central place providing the greatest number of functions to most of the region

Within the trade area of the largest central place, a series of substantial towns would provide functions to several smaller places.

The smaller places would then provide fewer central functions to a smaller-yet service area.

Cities, he postulated, would be regularly spaced, with central places where the same product was sold at the same price located a standard distance apart

hexagonal hinterlands

Question 180

functional zonation

Answer 180

the division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions)

interesting to consider for what is valued most

Question 181

central city

Answer 181

describes the older part of the city surrouding or near the CBD

the urban area that is not suburban

Question 182

suburb

Answer 182

outlying, primarily residential area on the outskirst of a city

an outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area, and is often (but not always) adjacent to the central city.

Question 183

suburbanization

Answer 183

the process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized, as people and businesses from the city move to these spaces.

eg. Brampton

Question 184

typical european city

Answer 184

center, preindustrial periphery, industrial and postindustrial suburbs

Question 185

edge cities

Answer 185

large urban areas with extensive space for offices and retail businesses on the outskirts of major cities

the outer edges of many urban areas grew quickly and became more function- ally independent of the central city. Suburban downtowns emerged to serve their new local economies.

Question 186

galactic city

Answer 186

eg LA or toronto

a complex urban area in which centrality of functions is no longer significant.

Instead, the old downtown plays the role of a festival or recreational area, and widely dispersed industrial parks, shopping centers, high-tech industrial spaces, edge-city downtowns, and industrial suburbs are the new centers of economic activity.

Question 187

concentric zone model (of NA cities)

Answer 187

Burgess’ study of chicago in 20s

divides the city into five concentric zones, defined by their function

zone 1= center = CBD (with subdistricts)

zone 2 = zone of transitions: residential deterioration and encroachment by business and light manufacturing

zone 3 = ring of closely spaced, modest homes occupied by the blue-collar labor force (ind workers’ homes) - now more service workers

zone 4 = middle-class residences (Better residences)

zone 5 = suburban ring (commuters’ zone)

*** closer to center, more expensive the land

Question 188

sector model (of NA cities)

Answer 188

Hovt

focused on residential patterns

after world war - not always a donut!

the city grows outward from the center, so a low-rent area could extend all the way from the CBD to the city’s outer edge, creating zones that are shaped like a piece of pie.

the pie-shaped pieces describe the high-rent residential, intermediate rent residential, low-rent residential, education and recreation, transportation, and industrial sectors + core in middle

Question 189

multiple nuclei model (of NA cities)

Answer 189

Harris-Ulman

recognizes that the CBD was losing its dominant position as the single nucleus of the urban area

several of the urban regions have their own nuclei

Question 190

colonial cities

Answer 190

urban areas where European transplants dominated the form of the city, laying it out with Western styles

Question 191

“Indigenous” cities

Answer 191

remained remote from globalizing influences and various Western urban forms

Question 192

megacities

Answer 192

large populations, a vast territorial extent, and frequently a strained, inadequate infrastructure.

For example, Mumbai, India, has more people than the country of Australia.

Question 193

Griffin-Ford model (of SA cities)

Answer 193

blend traditional elements of South American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene

combining radial sectors and concentric zones

CBD (good transport and adjacent residential area)

commercial spine (surrounded by elite residential)

remaining concentric zone: less-well-off resident

1. zone of maturity (best housing; middle class)
2. modest housing
3. peripheral squatter settlements

disamenity sector

industrial park

gentrification zone

Question 194

disamenity sector (SA city)

Answer 194

very poorest parts of cities (SA) that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lord

Question 195

McGee model (cities of southeast asia)

Answer 195

The focal point of the city is the old colonial port zone combined with the largely commercial district that surrounds it

no formal CBD; rather, he found the elements of the CBD present as separate clusters surrounding the old colonial port zone

residential zones sim to Griffin-ford model

Question 196

zoning laws

Answer 196

divide up the city and designate the kinds of development allowed in each zone

Question 197

best planned city in NA

Answer 197

portland Oregon

free transportation

compact

Question 198

redlining

Answer 198

They would identify what they considered to be risky neighborhoods in cities—often predominantly black neighborhoods—and refuse to offer loans to anyone purchasing a house in the neighborhood encircled by red lines on their map

Question 199

blockbusting

Answer 199

realtors would solicit white residents of the neighborhood to sell their homes under the guise that the neighborhood was going downhill because a black person or family had moved in

Question 200

white flight

Answer 200

movement of whites from the city and adjacent neighborhoods to the outlying suburbs
- reduced tax base in city ; and quality of schooling, infastructure, etc goes down

Question 201

commercialization of CBDs

Answer 201

transforming the central business district into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike

Question 202

gentrification

Answer 202

upward class transformation of inner-city neighborhoods, usually through the migration of middle-class and wealthy household into poor district

the rehabilitation of deteriorated houses in low-income neighborhoods

Question 203

teardowns

Answer 203

homes intended for suburban demolition

Question 204

McMansions

Answer 204

new supersized mansions

Question 205

gentrification vs teardown

Answer 205

both increase cost of living

gentrification keeps og building vs teardowns

teardowns often occur in middle and wealthy class suburbs

Question 206

urban sprawl

Answer 206

unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

tied to auto industry (growing out not up) and rapid pop growth (somewhat)

Question 207

new urbanism

Answer 207

development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs

Question 208

criticisms of new urbanism

Answer 208

just making suburbs more liveable for the affluent

spatial determinism

does nothing to break down the social conditions that privilege some while disadvantaging others; that new urbanist projects take away much of the grittiness and character of the city; and that the “communities” that new urbanists form through their projects are exclusionary communities that deepen the racial segregation of cities.

Question 209

gated communities

Answer 209

fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people and automobiles

main objective of a gated community is to create a space of safety within the uncertain urban world. A secondary objective is to maintain or increase housing values in the neighborhood through enforcement of the neighborhood association’s bylaws that control everything from the color of a house to the character and size of additions.

Question 210

urban geopolitics

Answer 210

draw attention to the impact of global-scale geopolitical developments on the character of cities

Question 211

urbicide

Answer 211

the deliberate killing of the city

Question 212

informal economy

Answer 212

economy that is not taxed and is not counted toward a country’s gross national income.

Question 213

world cities

Answer 213

function at the global scale, beyond the reach of the state borders, functioning as the service centers of the world economy

command and control centers.

Question 214

commodity chain

Answer 214

a series of link connecting the many place of production and distribution and resulting in a final product that is bough and sold on the market

Question 215

break-of-bulk location

Answer 215

where goods traded on one mode of transport were transported to another mode of transport

Question 216

ways of measuring development

Answer 216

economic welfare, technology and production, social welfare

Question 217

gross national product (GNP)

Answer 217

measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year

inside and outside country’s territory

Question 218

gross domestic product (GDP)

Answer 218

encompasses only goods and services produced within a country during a given year.

Question 219

gross national income (GNI)

Answer 219

calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country minus income payments to other countries around the world

more accurate because it accounts for wealth generated by investments outside a country’s borders

Question 220

per capita GNI

Answer 220

GNI / population of ocuntry

Question 221

formal economy

Answer 221

the legal economy that governments tax and monitor.

Question 222

informal economy

Answer 222

the uncounted or illegal economy that governments do not tax and keep track o

Question 223

measure of access to tech is ___

Answer 223

access to transportation and communication

Question 224

dependency ratio

Answer 224

measures the proportion of dependents in the population relative to every 100 people of working age

older (>64)
- Japan

younger (<14)
- Niger

Question 225

human development index

Answer 225

three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living

Question 226

millennium development goals (by 2015)

Answer 226

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. Achieve universal primary education.
3. Promote gender equality and empower women. 4. Reduce child mortality.
4. Improve maternal health.
5. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases. 7. Ensure environmental sustainability.
6. Develop a global partnership for development.

Question 227

Modernization model

Answer 227

assumes that all countries follow a similar path to development or modernization, advancing through five stages of development (liberal model)

(1) tradition society: dominant activity is subsistence farming; social structure is rigid; tech is slow to change
(2) preconditions of takeoff: new leadership moves the country toward greater flexibility, openness and diversification
(3) take off: something akin to an industrial revolution, and sustained growth takes hold; increased urbanization, industrialization proceeds, and tech and mass-production breakthroughs
(4) drive to maturity: tech diffuses, industrial specialization occurs, international trade expands; modernization is evidence in key areas and pop growth slows
(5) some -> high mass consumption: high incomes and widespread production of many goods and services; maj of workers enter the service sector of the economy

what about context???

Question 228

structuralist theory

Answer 228

theory to explain the barriers to development under neo-colonialism

difficult-to-change, large- scale economic arrangements shape what is possible for a country’s development in fundamental ways

Question 229

dependency theory

Answer 229

theory of neo-colonialist barrier to development

the political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas.

Question 230

dollarization

Answer 230

The process of adopting the U.S. dollar as a country’s currency.

Question 231

Generating wealth along a commodity chain is not determined by ____is produced; it depends on ______

Answer 231

what; how it is produced

Question 232

policies around structural adjustment loans

Answer 232

washington Consensus (1980s)

Question 233

structural adjusttment loans

Answer 233

world bank an dIMF loans

countries had to agree to imple- ment economic or governmental reforms, including privatiz- ing government entities, opening the country to foreign trade, reducing tariffs, and encouraging foreign direct investmen

Question 234

structural adjustment loans are part of what trend?

Answer 234

neoliberalism

Question 235

neoliberalism

Answer 235

from neo-classical economic idea that government intervention into markets is inefficient and undesirable, and should be resisted wherever possible.

state control -> rpivate

Question 236

export processing zones (EPZs)

Answer 236

offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to foreign firm

Question 237

desertification

Answer 237

Severe soil erosion in areas with dry or semiarid climates around deserts results in extreme degradation of the land and the spread of the desert into these lands

often exacerbated by humans destroying vegetation and eroding soils through the overuse of lands for livestock grazing or crop production.

Question 238

island of development

Answer 238

When a government or corporation builds up and concentrates economic development in a certain city or small region

Question 239

microcredit program

Answer 239

Give loans to poor people, particularly women, to encourage development of small businesses

Question 240

organic agriculture

Answer 240

the production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers

Question 241

most organic foods are sold in the global economic ___

Answer 241

core: US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Australia

Question 242

agriculture

Answer 242

the deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, fiber, and fuel

Question 243

primary economic activities

Answer 243

Economic activities that involve the extraction of economically valuable products from the earth,

including agriculture, ranching, hunting and gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying

Question 244

secondary economic activities

Answer 244

Activities that take a primary product and change it into something else such as toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, and buildings

Question 245

tertiary economic activities

Answer 245

service industries that connect producers to consumers and facilitate commerce and trade or help people meet their needs.

People who work as bankers, lawyers, doctors, teachers, nurses, salespeople, clerks, and secretaries

Question 246

sub divisions of tertiary eocnomic activities

Answer 246

quanternary and quinary

Question 247

quaternary economic activities

Answer 247

services concerned with information or the exchange of money or goods

Question 248

quinary economic activities

Answer 248

those tied to research or higher education; complex decision making

Question 249

Canada: the agriculture sector accounts for ___ percent of GDP and only___ percent of the labor force is employed in agriculture

Answer 249

2.3% of GDP

2% of labour force

Question 250

Canada: tertiary sector in Canada accounts for__ percent of the labor force and over___ percent of GDP

Answer 250

75% of labour force

71% of GDP

Question 251

first agricultural revolution

Answer 251

transition from hunting to farming

The cultivation of seed crops marked the beginning

Question 252

root crops

Answer 252

crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants

Question 253

seed crops

Answer 253

plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds, is a more complex process, involving seed selection, sowing, watering, and well-timed harvesting.

Question 254

hearths of the first agricultural revolution

Answer 254

two of them were: fertile crescent and nile river valley

Question 255

The process of animal domestication began as people became more ____

Answer 255

sedentary

Question 256

subsistence agriculture

Answer 256

growing only enough food to survive

Question 257

A return to subsistence agriculture has taken hold in parts of the world where…

Answer 257

farmers feel production for the global market has not benefited them either financially or culturally.

Question 258

shifting cultivation

Answer 258

move from place to place in search of better land

tropical and suptropical zones

Question 259

lash-and- burn agriculture

Answer 259

type of shifting cultivation

focus on controlled use of fire

farmers use tools (machetes and knives) to slash down trees and tall vegetation, and then burn the vegetation on the ground. A layer of ash from the fire settles on the ground and contributes to the soil’s fertility.

Question 260

second agricultural revolution

Answer 260

beyond subsistence to generate the kinds of surpluses needed to feed thousands of people working in factories instead of in agricultural fields

composed of a series of innovations, improvements, and techniques, in this case initially in Great Britain, the Nether- lands, Denmark, and other neighboring countries.

helped by innovations in machinery in the Industrial revolution

Question 261

spatial layout of agriculture: Von Thunen model

Answer 261

Nearest the town, farmers generally produced com- modities that were perishable and commanded high prices, such as dairy products and strawberries. In this zone, much effort would go into production in part because of the value of the land closer to the city.

In von Thünen’s time, the town was still surrounded by a belt of forest that provided wood for fuel and building; but immediately beyond the forest the ring- like pattern of agriculture continued.

In the next ring, crops were less perishable and bulkier, including wheat and other grains.

Still farther out, livestock raising began to replace field crops.

Question 262

Third Agricultural Revolution

Answer 262

associated with the use of biotechnology to expand agricultural production (with limited land use?)

Question 263

Green Revolution

Answer 263

the use of biotechnology to create disease-resistant, fast growing, high-yield hybrid seeds— particularly of staple crops such as rice and wheat

Question 264

socio-economic impact of Green Revolution

Answer 264

many subsistence farmers don’t have the capital to engage in the green revolution and biotech which ends up pushing them out of the market

further helping larger-scale farmers

moreover, converting lands women traditionally used for family subsistence into commercialized farming plots that are year round takes away time from other tasks

did little to alleviate poverty in areas where most farmers still work small plots of land

Question 265

Forced cropping schemes

Answer 265

If farmers in a subsistence area cultivated a certain acreage of, say, corn, they were required to grow a specified acreage of a cash crop as well

Question 266

rectangular survey system

Answer 266

The prevailing survey system through
out much of the United States, the one that appears as checker-
boards across agricultural field

after american rev as part of a cadastral
system known as the “township-
and-range system”; Designed to facilitate the settlement of settlers in the farmlands of the
interior of the United States, the system imposed a rigid grid-like
pattern on the land

Question 267

metes-and-bounds survey

Answer 267

approach adopted along the eastern seaboard, in which natural features were used to demarcate irregular parcels of land

Question 268

long-lot survey system

Answer 268

maritimes

This system divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. It reflects a particular approach to surveying that was common in French America.

Question 269

primogeniture

Answer 269

all land passes to the eldest son

Question 270

In areas where land is divided among heirs, considerable _____ can occur over time.

Answer 270

fragmentation

Question 271

dispersed settlement pattern

Answer 271

the land is intensively cultivated but by machine rather than by hand

Question 272

monoculture

Answer 272

dependence on a single agricultural commodity

Question 273

Köppen climate classification system

Answer 273

classifying the world’s climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation

(A) Humid equatorial climate; climates are hot or very warm and generally humid. (Af) The “no dry season”
regions are equatorial rain-forest regions.
(Am) The “short dry season” climate is known as the monsoon climate.
(Aw) an African savanna-esque; dry winter

(B) dry climate
(BW) desert
(BS) steppe

(C) humid temperate climate
(Cf) humid terperate
(Cw) dry winter
(Cs) dry summer

(D) humid cold climate
(Df) no dry season
(Dw) dry winter

(E) cold polar climate
- tundra and ice

(H) Highland climate (unclassified)

Question 274

climate regions

Answer 274

areas with similar climatic characteristics

Question 275

plantation agriculture

Answer 275

cash crops on large estates

Question 276

livestock ranching

Answer 276

raising of domesticated animals for the producing of meat and by-products

Question 277

types of subsistence agriculture

Answer 277

subsistence crop and livestock farming,

intensively subsistence farming (chiefly rice)

intensively subsistence farming (chiefly wheat and other crops

Question 278

mediterranean agricutlure

Answer 278

specialized farming occurs only in areas where the dry summer mediterranean climate prevails

Question 279

fair trade coffee

Answer 279

he aim of fair trade is to raise the income of certified producers by reducing the number of actors in the supply chain

guaranteed price of 1.40$ per pound plus .30 for organic.

Question 280

agribusiness

Answer 280

an encompassing term for the businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

Question 281

food deserts

Answer 281

areas where people have limited access to fresh, nutritious foods

Question 282

containerization

Answer 282

ports now have relatively few employees who operate the high-tech cranes, moving standard-sized containers from ship to dock or dock to ship with precision. Cranes move containers with the goal of unloading a massive container ship within 24 hours of reaching port

nearly 90% of long-distance cargo is now shipped in standard containers

Question 283

cottage industries

Answer 283

families in a community worked together, each creating a component of a finished good or the good itself

Question 284

when were steam-powered ships available?

Answer 284

1800s

Question 285

what was the context of the transition from cottage industries to the ind rev

Answer 285

economies of scale

Question 286

economies of scale

Answer 286

increasing the quantity of goods produced to decrease the average cost of producing each item

Europeans sought to capitalize on economies of scale, to generate a greater profit by producing larger quantities of the goods in high demand, which in turn decreased the average cost of producing the good

Question 287

first step in industrialization

Answer 287

northern england

cotton form america and india were shipped to the liverpool port

textile factories around there took advantage of rivers and hills to power cotton spinning machines by water running downhill

Question 288

hearth of the industrial rev

Answer 288

England in the 18th C

Question 289

major innovations at the hearth of the ind rev

Answer 289

coal smelting, cast iron, steam engine, steam locomotive

Question 290

when was the diffusion of ind rev to mainland europe

Answer 290

early 1800s

Question 291

locational criteria for industrial zones in early ind rev

Answer 291

sites needed to be close to resources and connected to ports by water.

Question 292

sillover effect

Answer 292

when idnustry developed in one area, economic growth had a spillover effect on the port cities to which they were linked by river or canal

Question 293

hinterland

Answer 293

an area from which goods can be produced, delivered to the port, and then exported

port can also serve its hinterland by bringing in raw goods

Question 294

why did london and paris become important industrial complexes?

Answer 294

commercial and political connectivity to the rest of the world

Question 295

first mover advantage

Answer 295

Western europe’s ealry industrialization gave it a huge economic head start in the 19th C

Question 296

diffusion of industrialization from europe

Answer 296

-> Americas and Asia

Question 297

secondary hearths of industrialization

Answer 297

eastern NA, western Russia, Ukraine, and East Asia

Question 298

features of the primary industrial regions established by the 1950s

Answer 298

close to coal (major energy source)

connected by water or railroad to ports

heavily invested in by wealthy persons already in the region and by merchants from europe

Question 299

globalization

Answer 299

a set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relation- ships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders

Question 300

Fordist model

Answer 300

dominant mode of mass production that endured from 1945 to 1970

machines replaced people

unskilled workers instead of craftsmen worked on the assembly lines

Question 301

famous invention of the 20th c manufacturing boom

Answer 301

mass-production assembly line

allowed the inexpensive production of consumer goods at a single site on a previously unknown scale

Question 302

Ford’s goal

Answer 302

was to mass produce goods at a price point where his workers could afford to purchase them

Question 303

vertical integration (of production)

Answer 303

common during the Fordist period

Question 304

Ford’s vertical integration

Answer 304

imported raw materials, from coal to rubber to steel, from around the world and brought them to his plant on the River Rouge in Dearborn, just west of Detroit.

all production of automobile was done at the complex

Question 305

friction of distance

Answer 305

the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increased distance over which commodities must travel

focus on raw materials

Question 306

distance decay

Answer 306

assumes the impact of a function or an activity will decline as one moves away from its point of origin.

friction of distance for customers rather than raw materials

Question 307

location theory (Marshall)

Answer 307

a particular industry clusters in an area through a process of “localization” or “agglomeration”

localized industries could attract workers with industry- specific skills, be able to share information, and attract support services specific to the industry.

Question 308

Weber’s least cost theroy

Answer 308

focused on a factory owner’s desire to minimize three categories of costs:

(1) transportation (most imp)
(2) labor
(3) agglomeration (Advantage)

Question 309

Agglomeration (or localization)

Answer 309

When a substantial number of companies that produce the same or similar goods cluster in one area

as with furniture manufacturing in North Carolina

Weber held that the industries can assist each other through shared talents, services, and facilities.

Question 310

location triangle (of least cost theory)

Answer 310

least cost location for a manufacturing plant

Question 311

flexible (post-fordist) production

Answer 311

a set of production processes in which the components of goods are made in different places around the globe and then brought together as needed to assemble the final product in response to customer demand

came after decreased transportation cost (5% instead of 50%)

Question 312

product life cycle

Answer 312

Changes in the production of a good over time

new things -> high price
long time on market -> lower price

Question 313

commodification

Answer 313

goods that were not previously bought, sold, and traded gain a monetary value and are bought, sold, and traded on the market

Question 314

product life cycle moves through four states:

Answer 314

introduction (enters market)

growth (more manufacturers)

maturity (few manufacturers continue to make small changes and work on marketing)

decline (less demand; shift to research and development of new goods)

Question 315

global division of labour

Answer 315

aka new international division of labor

Production of mass numbers of well-established goods is concentrated in the global economic periphery and semiperiphery to take advantage of lower labor costs

whereas research and development for new products is primarily located in the core.

Question 316

time-space compression

Answer 316

developments in communication and transportation technologies have accelerated the speed with which things happen and have made the distance between places less significant

Question 317

just-in-time delivery

Answer 317

Rather than keeping a large inventory of components or products, companies keep just what they need for short-term production and new parts are shipped quickly when needed

In turn, corporations can draw from labor around the globe for different components of production

better quality control and foster greater adaptability.

Question 318

spatial fix

Answer 318

Advances in information technologies and shipping coupled with the global division of labor enable companies to move production from one site to another based on calculations of the “new place-based cost advantages”

In choosing a production site, location is only one consideration. “Distance is neither determinate nor insignificant as a factor in production location decisions” today

Question 319

outsourcing

Answer 319

is now an umbrella term for globalized production in which a defined segment of the commodity chain is contracted abroad, either through business process outsourcing (BPO) or through global sourcing.

Question 320

global sourcing (outsourcing for manufacturing)

Answer 320

a procurement strategy used by businesses wherein goods and services are sourced from the global market to obtain the highest levels of efficiency possible.

Question 321

BPO

Answer 321

business process outsourcing; outsourcing for services

Question 322

intermodal connections

Answer 322

places where two or more modes of transportation meet

Question 323

deindustrialization

Answer 323

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to work through a period of high unemployment and, if possible, switch to a service economy

Question 324

newly industrializing countries (NICs)

Answer 324

Benefiting from the shift of labor-intensive industries to areas with lower labor costs, government efforts to protect developing industry, and government investment in education and training

Question 325

when did industrialization boom in China

Answer 325

with Communism, 1949

first northeast, now interior

Question 326

BRICS

Answer 326

Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa

the countries that demonstrate a shift in global economic power away from the traditional economic core.

Question 327

In the global economic core, ____ industries employ more workers than the ___ and ____ industries combined

Answer 327

service

primary and secondary industries

Question 328

which categories of industries have boomed in postindustrial era?

Answer 328

quaternary ad quinary

Question 329

Rust Belt

Answer 329

This region of the United States, which used to be called the Manufacturing Belt

Question 330

Sun belt

Answer 330

southern region of the United States, stretching through the Southeast to the Southwest. Both the population and economy of this region have grown
Figure 12.22
Liverpool, England. With the deindustrialization of the Liverpool region, the city has lost thousands of jobs and the city’s population has decreased by one-third. Abandoned streets, such as this one, are a reflection of the city’s industrial decline.
over the last few decades, as service sector businesses have chosen to locate in areas such as Atlanta and Dallas where the climate is warm and the local laws welcome their pres- ence.

Question 331

high technology corridor

Answer 331

an area designated by local or state government to benefit from lower taxes and high-technology infrastructure, with the goal of providing high-technology jobs to the local population

Question 332

technopole

Answer 332

an area planned for high technology where agglomeration built on a synergy among technological companies occurs.

Question 333

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Answer 333

molecule that contributes to ozone depletion

Question 334

when did modern homo sapiens emerge?

Answer 334

less than 200 000 years ago

Question 335

anthropocene

Answer 335

geological era of human interference

Question 336

pangea

Answer 336

pre-existing supercontinent

Question 337

continental drift hypothesis

Answer 337

pangea broke apart into the fragments we now know as Africa, Americas, Eurasia, and Australia

began a little over 200 mil years ago

Question 338

tectonic plate boundary movements

Answer 338

diverge (spread apart)

converge (come together)

transform (slide past one another)

Question 339

what is happening tectonically in the atlantic ocean?

Answer 339

NA place is diverging from the Eurasian plate

new oceanic crust constantly being created where they diverge; chain of Volcanoes (mid atlantic ridge)

Question 340

what are the indian plate and eurasian plate doing?

Answer 340

converging (Himalaya Mountains)

Question 341

subduction zone

Answer 341

oceanic place converges with a continental plate

denser oceanic plate subduct under the continental plate creating a trench; volcanoes and earthquakes

Question 342

photosynthesis

Answer 342

conversion of CO2 and H20 into carbohydrates and O2 through absorption of sunlight; raised 02 content in atmosphere

Question 343

first single-celled animals

Answer 343

protozoa

Question 344

pacific ring of fire

Answer 344

ocean-girdling zone of crustal instability, volcanism, earthquake

Question 345

pleistocene epoch

Answer 345

began 2 mil years ago

long glaciations and short warm interglacials

most recent glaciations of the pleistocene: Wisconsinan glaciation

Question 346

humanity’s “evolutionary bottleneck”

Answer 346

Mount Toba (Indonesia) denoted 73500 years ago

genetic diversity was lost

Question 347

holocene

Answer 347

post-wisconsinan glaciation of pleistocene

current warm interlude

started 18000 years ago

Question 348

when was the little ice age in the modern era?

Answer 348

14th C

minor glaciation

Question 349

greenhouse effect

Answer 349

hat results when greenhouse gases trap heat and raise temperatures

Question 350

number of types of organisms on earth

Answer 350

25 mil

Question 351

renewable resources

Answer 351

Resources that are replenished even as they are being used (eg. water)

Question 352

nonrenewable resources

Answer 352

resources that are present in finite quantities

Question 353

aquifers

Answer 353

porous, water- holding rock

providers for wells

Question 354

Indeed, nearly three-quarters of all the fresh water used annually is consumed in ____

Answer 354

farming

Question 355

In California, about___ percent of available water is used for irrigation

Answer 355

80

Question 356

aral sea

Answer 356

shrunk 3/4 in SA and 90% in volume

Question 357

hydrologic cycle

Answer 357

where water from oceans, lakes, soil, rivers, and vegetation evaporates, condenses, and then precipitates on landmasses

The precipitation infiltrates and recharges groundwater or runs off into lakes, rivers, and oceans.

Question 358

atmosphere

Answer 358

a thin layer of air lying directly above the lands and oceans

Question 359

acid rain

Answer 359

forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels

combine with water vapour in the air; percipitate

Question 360

Forests cover ___ percent of the total surface of the Earth

Answer 360

31%

Question 361

second-growth forest

Answer 361

replace OG; not favorable habitat because no old, soft, dead trees to live in

Question 362

___ is one of the largest producers of solid waste

Answer 362

US

Question 363

sanitary landfills

Answer 363

waste is put in a hole that has been dug and prepared for the purpose, including a floor of materials to treat seeping liquids and soil to cover each load as it is compacted and deposited in the fill.

Question 364

radioactive wastes

Answer 364

two types:

(1) low-level radioactive wastes (which give off small amounts of radiation and are produced by industry, hospitals, research facilities, and nuclear power plants)
(2) high-level radioactive wastes, which emit strong radiation and are produced by nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons factories.

Question 365

political ecology

Answer 365

a way of considering the roles of “political economy, power and history in shaping human–environmental interactions.”

Political ecologists are interested in how environmental issues such as deforestation are affected by the ways in which political, economic, social, and ecological circumstances play out in individual places.

As such, they focus attention on the spatial coalescence of processes operating at different scales on Earth’s surface.

Question 366

demand for rare earth elements

Answer 366

used not only in wind turbine but also in alt energy cars, computers, screens, compact fluorescent light bulbs, cell phones, MRI, advance weapons systems

Question 367

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

Answer 367

1985; Specific targets and timetables for the phaseout of production and consumption of CFCs were defined and agreed upon as part of the international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol, which was signed in September 1987 by 105 countries and the European Community.

Question 368

GNH

Answer 368

gross national happiness

coined by kind of bhutan

Question 369

The idea that people who do not personally know each other and likely never will are linked and have shared experiences, including death, tragedy, sorrow, and even joy, draws from Benedict Anderson’s concept of the nation as an ____

Answer 369

imagined community

Question 370

The backbone of economic globalization is ____

Answer 370

trade

Question 371

networks

Answer 371

“a set of interconnected nodes” without a center.

Question 372

nonhierarchical network is _____ structured

Answer 372

horizontally

power shared among all participants

Question 373

information technology networks

Answer 373

globalization has proceeded by “linking up all that, according to dominant interests, has value anywhere in the planet, and discarding anything (people, firms, territories, resources) which has no value or becomes devalued.”

Information technology networks link some places more than others, helping to create the spatial unevenness of globalization as well as the uneven outcomes of globalization

Question 374

digital divide

Answer 374

major divide in access to info tech

Question 375

participatory development

Answer 375

the idea that locals should be engaged in deciding what development means for them and how to achieve it—is another response to top-down decision making

Question 376

vertical integration corporation

Answer 376

one that has ownership in all or most of the points along the production and consumption of a commodity chain.

Question 377

media companies compete for

Answer 377

content, delivery and consumers

Question 378

synergy

Answer 378

cross promotion of vertically integrated goods

Question 379

gatekeepers

Answer 379

people or corporations with control over access to info

Question 380

horizontal integration parent company

Answer 380

similar products are owned by one company, but they are branded separately so that consumers may think they are separate companies

eg. clothing
eg. social media

Question 381

community supported agriculture groups (CSAs)

Answer 381

Consumers pay for a share of the farmer’s harvest, typically fruits and vegetables, before the growing season begins. Farmers use the cash to purchase seeds, then plant, harvest, and deliver goods to consumers over a period of weeks during the growing season

making arrangements directly with farmers to provide natural, organic, local food for their tables

Question 382

hearth of CSAs

Answer 382

Japan

Question 383

diffusion of CSAs

Answer 383

Japan -> europe -> US

Question 384

religion in japan is _____

Answer 384

syncretic

permeable boundaries

early often shinto -> traditions for children

then morph into other religions (eg. christian wedding)

can mix and match throughout life

Question 385

no ___ or ____ inconsistency between shinto and buddhism

Answer 385

moral or ethical

Question 386

Shinto

Answer 386

local ethnic, animistic Japanese religion

Question 387

what is worshipped in Shintoism

Answer 387

nature and ancestors

kami - gods
shrines - jinga, jingu, etc
sacred animal - fox
shimeneva - sacred ropes 
shide- zig zag paper streamer

Question 388

lion dog shrine guardians (Shintoism)

Answer 388

Konainu

pairs (from chinese culture)

one with mouth open the other closed

A and Un (first and last japananese letter) - shape of mouth

Question 389

kamigamo shrine, Kita-ki- kyoto

Answer 389

taken down and rebuilt every 25-30 yrs

roughly a generation

helps in reproducing the religion because its a way to teach the new generation of specialized carpenters

Question 390

colour associated with Shintoism

Answer 390

Vermilion (between red and orange

Question 391

tori gates of shintoism

Answer 391

signal entrance to the shimogamo jinga shrine

fortune, business?

Question 392

fox in shintoism

Answer 392

sacred animal

shapeshifter, trickster, also source of benevolence

Question 393

My neighbor totoro is an example of ….

Answer 393

permeable boundary between religions

fusing Shinto and Focklorism

Question 394

parts of focklore in Japan

Answer 394

yokai - ghosts (often benegful spirits)

oni - devils

kodama - forest spirits (somewhat benevolent ghosts of the forest

namazu - earthquake causing catfish

Question 395

Japanese Focklore - oni

Answer 395

devils

Tokyo godfathers

fable of the red and blue devil

red = wants to hang with humans (they’re scared of him)

blue = red asks her to terrorize village so the red devil can be the saviour;

but consequence is they don’t get to see each other any more

fable fo human interactions and relations

Question 396

first book in the world

Answer 396

muraska, shikbu - Tale of Genji, 11th C

Question 397

Buddhism diffusion to Japan

Answer 397

universal religion that came to Japan between 5th - 7th c

hierarchical diffusion and ?? diffusion

Question 398

hierarchical diffusion of buddhism in japan

Answer 398

monks would bring back practices and introduce japan to it

Question 399

reciprocal relationship between japan and buddhism

Answer 399

japan refined aesthetics of buddhism
- zenscapes; elaborate landscapes tended nature around these areas (moss being raked)

buddhism had important institutional roles in the making of Japan

• tea culture
• comics from scrolls
• buddhist monks were amongst first literate people; record keepers

Question 400

when did christianity come to Japan

Answer 400

late!!

brought by Portugese

Question 401

population center

Answer 401

instead of “urban”

100 000 + people

4000+ people per km^2

Question 402

how much of world pop lives in urban setting as of 2010?

Answer 402

50%

Question 403

urbanization

Answer 403

the process of city formation, growth, an dchange

Question 404

role of cities

Answer 404

(1) increases access to goods, services, opportunities
(2) taxes for infrastructure systems
(3) centers of poli and econ power, higher ed, tech innovation, artistic achievement, historical record, research, medical advances
(4) centers of news, info, entertainment, sports
(5) centers of calculation

Question 405

centers of calculation

Answer 405

cities in which knowledge production builds upon the accumulation of resources through circulatory movements to other places

for eg. via exploration, colonialism

people leave, gather knowledge, bring it back to city

eg. botanical gardens and natural history museums

Question 406

functional specialization

Answer 406

area where raw material was brought to be transformed into something else (eg. coppersmith workshop)

Question 407

situation of Timbuktu

Answer 407

it was at edge of Sahara and along Nile river

break-of-bulk point

early center of calculation

v central

Question 408

toronto

Answer 408

galctic city

post-Fordist

spectacular site of consumption

CBD

high-tech new industrial space

gentrified enclaves near CBD

gated communities

edge cities

large shopping centre

poor industrial area

VERY complex

Question 409

how much of tokyo travel by train?

Answer 409

60%

Question 410

rhythms of Tokyo based on?

Answer 410

wake-up time

departure time

arrival time

start time of work

Question 411

ex of metropoliteon nodes

Answer 411

train stations and environs

Question 412

GaWC

Answer 412

global and world cities

Question 413

node

Answer 413

a place where action and interaction occur

Question 414

global work (Jones)

Answer 414

(1) work as an activity and experience in all sectors is becoming increasingly multiscalar and permeated by distanciated relations

(2) globalization is tranforming many kinds of work activities
- pay/ skill
- outsourcing

(3) global work is therefore something we all increasingly ‘do’; in different ways

Question 415

alpha ++ cities

Answer 415

NYC and london

major nodes in the economy

power has gotten more concentrated; but number of cities throughout alpha level has grown

Question 416

Dusseldorf

Answer 416

center of germany’s fashion industry

history of electronic music

was center of german manufacturing; river and canals

situationally, connectivity on the Rhine river

japanese culture in Dusseldorf through hotel chains, japanese businesses, schools (clsutering of activity similar to china towns)
- node for japanese investment

Question 417

gentrification is a ___-____ process

Answer 417

spatio-temporal

Question 418

development as ____ interdependence

Answer 418

asymmetrical

eg. Japanese intellectual property in Vietnam
- lending expertise to ultimately protect their int prop in that region

eg. China-Myanman pipeline
eg. Canada and Indigenous nations

Question 419

____ is key linchpin between state and industy

Answer 419

bureaucracy

Question 420

ladder of development

Answer 420

part of modernization model?

v eurocentric

once they’re at the top, they have every incentive to kick the ladder down so less developed counties can’t climb it

Question 421

neocolonialism

Answer 421

the major world powers continue to control the
economies of the poorer countries, even though the poorer
countries are now politically independent states.

Question 422

Bretton Woods conferece

Answer 422

post-WWII

creation of world bank and IMF

Question 423

modes of housing

Answer 423

private : building site, workers units, open-market, domestic employee, etc

public : hotels, small-scale tokenism, large estates, etc

popular : slum, squatters, street sleepers

Question 424

GB Enclosure Act

Answer 424

second ag rev

encouraged field consolidation into large, single-owner holding

made it hard for small, ind farmers and community farming land

offered as reason for lack of rev in britian while they sprung of throughout europe (people in their cities had enough food)

Question 425

environmental outcomes of green revolution

Answer 425

large scale monocropping can make farms vulnerable to changes in climate or the infestation of particular pests

higher inputs of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides - reduced organic matter in the soil and to groundwater pollution

Question 426

how much of processes US foods has GMOs?

Answer 426

75%

Question 427

in green rev, seed become a _____ commodity

Answer 427

cultural

Question 428

cold chain

Answer 428

a system of harvesting produce that is not quite ripe and ripening by controlling temp from the fields to the grocery store

eg. strawberries from california

Question 429

intensive agricultural practices

Answer 429

include using fertilizers, insecticides, high-cost inputs to achieve highest yields possible; often occur in city where land values are high

one form is indoor vertical farms

Question 430

extensive agricultural practices

Answer 430

use less labor and capital and larger areas of land to cultivate what has traditionally been a lower yield. Takes place farther rom city where land values are low

Question 431

what theory can help us understand whether a farmer will do extensive or intensive?

Answer 431

bid-rent theory

Question 432

organic farming

Answer 432

the producing of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers, is growing globally

Question 433

biggest coffee producer

Answer 433

Brazil

Question 434

entitlements

Answer 434

the social relations through which people gain command, or entitlement, to basic necessities such as food

direct (growing own food) or indirect

Question 435

food security

Answer 435

access by all people, at all times, to sufficient food for an active, healthy life (UN-FAO)

not guaranteed assurance of food

ensuring availability, promoting access

Question 436

issues affecting food security worldwide

Answer 436

(1) varying abilities to balance production and consumption across regions and countries
(2) acceleration conversions of agricultural land to urban uses
(3) increasingly energy intensive food production methods in a world of shrinking fossil fuel resources
(4) expanding use fo food crops for biofuel production

Question 437

deindustrialization is overlapping with high _____

Answer 437

opioid overdose deaths

Question 438

undoing of ford model

Answer 438

US policies

right to work (opt-out of unions)

Toyota production lines

Question 439

Japanese advantage: Toyota

Answer 439

labour costs or the organization of production? that is the Q

specialized in vertical disintegration

just-in-time model

flexible and continuous learning model

Question 440

vertical disintegration

Answer 440

brining in components and only assembling them

eg. hub-and-spoke industrial district of Toyota City acted as a factory without wall where entire city contributes to the final product

Question 441

just-in-case

Answer 441

Fordist production which has stock piles of components ready for use

less adaptably, more space consumption

Question 442

commodity chain model is too simplistic…. move to ____

Answer 442

global production networks

Question 443

clark-fisher model of sectoral employment evolution

Answer 443

percent of employees in each sector of industry based on period related to indutrialization

in pre-ind = highest is primary

ind = manufacturing (secondary)

post = service (tertiary)

post ind rise in quat

Question 444

ED Texas (Marshall) has become hub for ______

Answer 444

patent litigation

Question 445

local specialization in patent litigation: Marshallian economy

Answer 445

combination of formal and informal local rules

adoption of local specialization and assertion of local interest

innovations in legal tactics an strategy

• making the global local
• finding defendants all over the map

flexible federalism

Question 446

jury attitudes ED Texas

Answer 446

old, low ed

conservative views of property rights (letter of law over spirit)

legal saturation of small communities

Question 447

flexible federalism

Answer 447

when local/regional interests bend federal law/warp economic activity nationally

Question 448

how does advertising play in litigation?

Answer 448

image advertising to sway outcomes

commercial speech

corporate image advertising/ campaigns

Question 449

hotelling’s law

Answer 449

competitors open their stores next to one another

socially optimal solution

nash equilibrium

Question 450

natural hazards

Answer 450

created by the constant motion of three processes: tectonic, hydrological, and meterological/climatological

damage is determined by proximity to people and property - when it causes damage and loss of life, it becomes a natural disaster (eg., Kilauea, HI)

Question 451

natural disaster

Answer 451

natural hazard that causes damage to property and loss of life

Question 452

great ansei edo earthquake

Answer 452

precipitated political change in Japan

dictatorship to modern industrial state

catfish - Namazu

Question 453

great kanto earthquake

Answer 453

sept 1923

noon hour - making lunch and had gas on

approx 120 000 killed

1.38 mil out of 2.26 mil were made homeless

half of city was in flames

big fire can make weather system through updraft and convection

korean people were victims of mob violence form unfounding myths of korean looting and well poisoning (army called in)

emergence of undocumented migrant

primary and longer-term impacts

Question 454

tsunamis

Answer 454

seismic sea waves that result form an underwater earthquake or volcano

Question 455

flash flood

Answer 455

when excessive rain or melt from snow overflows rivers, fills dry riverbeds, and causes a rapid rise in water levels

Question 456

impervious surfaces

Answer 456

concrete and asphalt surfaces and buildings that prevent rain from percolating into soil and own into groundwater; worsens risk fo floods

Question 457

typhoons

Answer 457

caused by warming surface water

only lose power when the get to more temperate climates

Question 458

river gradients

Answer 458

the ratio of drop in elevation of a stream per unit of horizontal distance

steepness

Question 459

land use

Answer 459

the ways that people use land resources for specific purposes (e.g., agriculture)

Question 460

land cover

Answer 460

refers tow hat is on teh ground, such as grasses, trees, or pavement

Question 461

impact of deforestation

Answer 461

removes major CO2 sink

burning trees releases more CO2

habitat loss

Question 462

sensible heat

Answer 462

temp we feel around us

result of re-emited longwave radiation

Question 463

greenhouse gases

Answer 463

in troposphere

absorb longwave energy from earth and reradiate it back to the surface

Question 464

what organism produces much of our oxygen?

Answer 464

phytoplankton on top layer of ocean

affected by changing pH as ocean absorbs carbon

Question 465

how much of world faces water scarcity?

Answer 465

one-fifth

Question 466

what is happening with hurricanes?

Answer 466

becoming more intense due to higher temperatures and more energy in the atmosphere which allows for greater evaporation

Question 467

last hundred year flood in Sackville

Answer 467

1961

Question 468

tantramar community adaptation viewer project

Answer 468

inform community

aboiteaux/dikes

mta risk from up king st

freshwater flooding

where do we put it?

Question 469

Beyond climate - Ian Mauro 2020

Answer 469

Hidequay (ocean community also ski industry being affected)

okanagan valley (vineyards/ flooding)

more lighting storms , more wild fires

kelowna (wild fires/ extensive costs to put them out)

scallops and fish (lazy larvae; changing pH in ocean)

Question 470

shipping industry transports __ trillion of freight

Answer 470

$13 trillion (70% of total)

Question 471

triple-Es

Answer 471

ships that carry 18 000 containers (europe-asia)

Question 472

ex of limit to JIT

Answer 472

evergreen stuck in Suez canal

revealed heavy reliance on relatively few chokehold on commerce