geo

Question 1

Difficult to gather Population Data In Developing Countries

Answer 1

Lots languages to translate
low literacy levels
size of population
innaccessibility, indonesia lots of Islands
Conflict
out of date due to high death rate
cost - higher priorities
shanty towns - no official address
illegal Immigrants avoid detection

Question 2

Conflict Glaciated Landscape

Answer 2

Loch Lomond and Trossachs

traffic congestion on narrow roads, higher levels air and noise pollution

tourists park on grass lead to erosion, for example Luss

Tourists wander off footpaths widening them, stone walls damaged by climbing

Litter eaten by wildlife can harm them

Question 3

Housing Changes in developed City

Answer 3

Clyde Gateway Project

Built Athletes Village, Allowed new residents to buy homes increasing home ownership

Houses built with solar panels, cuts down on bills for residents

Built Facilities such as Chris Hoy Velodrome, leisure for residents increasing health

Planting trees and more green areas, better enviroment for residents

Question 4

Formation Of A Stack

Answer 4

Erosional Processes

Hydraulic Action - pounding waves compress trapped air in rocks, creating an explosive blast which weakens and loosens rock fragments

Abrasion/ Corrasion - rock fragments thrown against the headland create a sandblasting action, wearing away the rock

Solution/ Corrosion - carbonic acid in sea water weathering limestone and chalk

Attrition - Rock fragments slowly being ground down by friction from wave action into smaller rounder pieces to form sand

Question 4

Strategies To Stop Malaria

Answer 4

Using insecticide treated bed nets, prevents mosquito from biting you however dosen’t kill it

Add fish like muddy loach into rivers to eat the larvae which stops the mosquito from hatching

planting eucalyptus trees, useful as stops breeding grounds for mosquitos to spread

Anti-Malaria drugs like Chloroquine, prevents the parasite from developing in your liver stopping you getting sick

Question 5

Sand Spit

Answer 5

Processes Include

Sand spits are formed by th process of Longshore Drift

Swash is where waves, driven by prevailing wind push material up the beach at an angle

the returning backwash is dragged back by gravity down the beach at right angles

Question 6

Consequences of Young Population

Answer 6

Additional pressure on services and resources like education

housing is already overcrowded, problem will worsen forcing more to live in shanty towns, with poor sanitation increasing spread of disease

their will be a larger potential workfore

Question 7

Formation Of U-shaped Valley

Answer 7

Glacier Formation Includes

Snow accumulated in north facing hollows when more snow falls in winter than melts in summer

Processes Include

Plucking is when ice freezes onto bedrock, pulling loose rocks away from the sides

Abrasion, when the angular rock embedded in the ice grinds the valley floor, making it deeper

Frost Shattering is when water in cracks in the rock freezes, expands and contracts weakening the rock until fragments break off

Question 8

Formation Of A Terminal Moraine

Answer 8

terminale moraine is a ridge across the valley and made up of glacial deposits/ till/ boulder clay which is unsorted

as the glacier moves downhill it acts like a bulldozer, pushing sediment infront of its snout as it goes

on reaching lower altitudes/ or when temperatures rise, the glacier melts, losing power and depositing the moraine

terminal moraine marks the furthest point that the glacier reaches

Question 9

Using one indicator dosen’t reflect true quality of life

Answer 9

Firstly GDP is an average for the whole country. and disguises differences between parts of a country

for example, wealthier urban areas and poorer rural areas

Males may earn more than females but this is hidden by average figures

Secondly, if you focus on one indicator then you don’t get a rounded view of the whole country and its development

Thirdly development is not just about money, also freedom of speech or happiness

Question 10

Strategies to Improve Housing in developing City

Answer 10

Site and service schemes such as upgrading main sewerage, to help reduce diseases like cholera

Self help schemes support efforts of locals to improve housing, for example adding more floors to reduce overcrowding

Residents given legal rights to land. This encourages further self improvement and longer-term planning by residents

Residents given building materials to strengthen houses, reduce risk of water related damages

Question 11

Atmospheric Circulation assist in redistributing energy

Answer 11

Warm Air rises at the equator creating low pressure and travels in the upper atmosphere to around 30 N and S, before cooling and sinking

Due to the Coriolis effect winds are deflected to the right in the northen hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere

Some of the sinking air returns as surface NE or SE trade winds moving form the tropical highs to the low pressure areas at 60 N/S as Polar Easterlies

Question 12

Primary Health Care meets needs in Developing Countries

Answer 12

Charities sucha s Water Aid work to improve water and sanitation by installing water stations. By 2010 people without access to improved water was 10%

Barefoot Doctors provide health education through play and songs as many people are illiterate in developing countries

Insecticide treated bed nets provide physical barrier to mosquito bites, However dosen’t kill Mosquito

Question 13

Stages Of Hydrological Cycle

Answer 13

Input

Precipitation adds water into the system mainly in the form of of rainfall and snow with the amount and duration having an impact on the levels of water in the systeam

Storage

Water is stored on the surface in lakes and rivers and interception by leaves and roots of vegetation

Water also seeps into the ground and can be stored as soil moisture in the layers or deeper down as ground water

Transfers/ Flows

Includes the movement of clouds leaving moisture by the process of advection

Surface run of as sheet wash or rivers/ tributaries also transfers water though the system

Question 14

Variations in Development Between Developing Countries

Answer 14

Some countries have natural resources such as oil, which can be sold for currency

some countries like Chad are Landlocked, making it more expensive to import/ export goods

Countries with low education systems have many low skilled workers and and unable to attract foreign investment

Countries with fertile soils and suitable climates like India, can grow crops which can be sold for income

Question 15

Strategies for Land Conflicts

Answer 15

Removing liiter bins in remote areas as difficult to empty regularly
Encourages people to take litter home

Improved public transport to lower congestion
Limited success as people prefer convinience of own vehicles

Luss Estate opened new car park with 250 Spaces
Reduce amount of on steet/ illegal parking

Planting trees around unsighlty developments like the Quarry to shield them
Trees take long time to grow so not a short term solution

Question 16

Push And Pull Factors For Migration

Answer 16

Poland To Scotland

Push

Not enough jobs with few opportunities

Low paying jobs leading to low standard of Living

State benefits very low compared to Scotland, healthcare is free

Due to increased automation in farming rural employment has risen

Pull

Due to Poland joining EU, allows people to move freely

Exchange rate means conversion is favourable, means people can send money home to family

Lots of jobs availiable, especially in construction and trades like plumbing

Many family members have already migrated so people migrate to spend time with family members

Question 17

Slowly growing/ Shrinking popiulation

Answer 17

increase in elderly increases cost of pensions for giovernment, and increase tax contributions

in-migration may need to be encouraged, which may lead to tension between ethnic groups

Retirement age may need to be increased, and more services for old people like care home s

lower unemployment rate in the future may lead to skills gap

Question 18

Corrie Formation

Answer 18

Glacier Formation

Snow accumulated in north facing hollows when more snow falls in winter than melts in summer
North/north-east facing slopes are more shaded so snow lies longer with accumulated snow compressed into neve and eventually ice

Processes Include

Plucking when ice freezes on to bedrock, pulling loose rocks away from the backwall

Abrasion when the angular rock embedded in the ice grinds the hollow

Frost shattering/ Freeze thaw weathering when water in cracks in the rock freezes, expands and contracts weakening the rock until fragments break off

Question 19

Impacts of migration on Donor/ Recieving Country

Answer 19

Poland to Scotland - Recieving Country

Governemtn recieves tax from migrants, whoa re doing jobs the British don’t want to do

Migrants are percieved as hard workers and some are higly skilled, so bring skills to businesses we didn’t have before

language barrier and cultural differences can lead to racial tension, with ethnic groups tending not to intergrate

Impacts on Donor

Fewer people means less pressure on resources, allowing living standards to improve

Reduce unemployment rates in the country and migrants return with new skills

Brith rate is lowered as male migrants are away putting less strain on resources

Question 20

Causes Of Malaria

Answer 20

Malaria is spread by a vector which carries the disease parasite

namely the female anopheles mosquito

the disead is picked up by taking blood meals from an infected person

thease mosquitos breed in stagnant water in generally hot, wet climates

the disease can spread rapidly unless barriers are put in place

Question 21

Ocean Currents Redistribute Energy

Answer 21

The coriolis force deflects currents to the right in the nothern hemisphere, and to the left int he southern hemisphere

Ocean currents are greatly influenced by the prevailing wind

Due to different Salinity levels density differences occur in water, resulting in chilled polar water sinking spreading towards the equator and displacing warm water pole wards.

Question 22

Surplus of Solar energy in tropical latitudes, deficit towards poles

Answer 22

There is a surplus of solar energy in the tropical latitudes as this is where the sun’s rays are more concentrated

the sun’s rays strike these areas at right angles, therefore the intensity of insolation is at its greatest

sun’s angle in the sky decreases towards the poles due to the curvature of the earth, which spreads heat energy over a larger surface area

the sun’s rays have less atmosphere to pass through at the tropics, so less energy is lost by absorption and reflection by clouds, gas and dust

tilt of the axis results in the sun being higher in the sky between the tropics throughout the year, focusing energy

Question 23

Manage traffic in Developed City

Answer 23

M77 route by-pass measn that through traffic doesn’t need to travel through the city centre

Sections of Argyle Street were pedestrianised to make it safer and more pleasant for shoppers

Commuters have been asked to travel into the city through publci transport to reduce nu,ber of cars on the road, through free wifi on busses and trains

Question 24

Developing City Traffic Strategies

Answer 24

Vehicles Emmisions control - To combat air pollution and reduce emissions, Sao Paulo has implemented enviromental policies such as the “Rodizio” system, which restrics vehicles from circulating in certain areas on specific days.

Bus Rapid Transport System - Sao Paulo operates several BRT lines, such as the Corridor North South, these systeams provide dedicated bus lanes and efficient boarding, helping to reduce traffic congestion

Intergrated fare System - Sao Paulo has implemented an intergrated fare system, allowing passengers to transfer between buses and metros with one ticket. This enourages public transit to making it more convenient adn cost effective.