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GEO EXAM 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Flow failure occurs at:

A

A slope > 3º

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2
Q

The west coast of North America is comprised of what 2 plate boundaries? (Alaska & California)

A

Convergent boundary of Alaska, Transform boundary in California (strike-slip)

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3
Q

A portion of the East Pacific Rise was

A

Subducted under California

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4
Q

As the Atlantic basin opened, North America…

A

Moved westward into pacific basin

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5
Q

When and how did The Great Alaskan Earthquake occur

A

1964, pacific plate moved northwestward and subducted under the North American plate

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6
Q

The Great Alaskan Earthquake magnitude:

A

9.2

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7
Q

Characterize of the San Andres Fault

A

Some parts locked (>7) , some parts creeping (weak, 5-6), Earthquakes occur in clusters, separated by long periods of quiescence

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8
Q

Epicenter of Alaskan Earthquake

A

Prince William Sound, 75 miles east of Anchorage Alaska

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9
Q

Intensity of Alaskan Earthquake

A

3-10, felt over 700,000ft of Alaska and Canada

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10
Q

Duration of Alaskan Earthquake

A

4 Minutes

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11
Q

Aftershocks of Alaskan Earthquake

A

In the first day, there were 11 smaller earthquakes > M 6!

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12
Q

Cause of the Alaskan Earthquake

A

NW motion of the Pacific plate of about 5 to 7 cm/yr, compression relieved by sudden SE motion of the portions of the Alaskan coast back over the subducting slab, pacific plate moved under the north american plate by 30ft/4min

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13
Q

Effects of Alaskan Earthquake

A

Montague Island was raised by 25 feet, quarter mile of the seafloor lifted above sea level, Portage was dropped by 9 feet

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14
Q

Damage of Alaskan Earthquake

A

Landslides, avalanches, liquefaction, tsunamis, and extreme ground shaking, 122/131 were killed by the tsunami (16 in oregon/cali), Low population density, holiday, wooden buildings survived shaking

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15
Q

Tsunami of AE height

A

12 ft

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16
Q

Liquefaction of AE

A

Flow failure occurred in Seward

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17
Q

Seismic waves of AE

A

Texas and Louisiana felt it with 4in of vertical motion and sunk boats

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18
Q

The Great 1906 San Fransisco Earthquake

A

265 miles of fault ruptured, locked segment, depth of 12.5 miles

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19
Q

Magnitude of SFE 06

A

8

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20
Q

Intensity of SFE 06

A

7-9, shaking was more intense in areas of weak consolidated materials around the bay

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21
Q

Duration of shaking for SFE 06

A

60s for 10-25ft to slide past eachother

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22
Q

Foreshock of SFE 06

A

Small earthquake felt 30s before

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23
Q

Ground Movement of SFE 06

A

horizontal offset on the surface was about 20 feet

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24
Q

Damage of SFE 06

A

> 3K deaths, 225K homeless, 28K buildings destroyed, FIRE WAS MOST OF DAMAGE

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25
The World Series Earthquake 1989
Loma Prieta, just before Game 3
26
Location of WSE
60 mi from San Fran, 25 miles ruptured
27
Magnitude of WSE
7.1
28
Intensity of WSE
6-9
29
Aftershocks of WSE
M 5.2 aftershock occurred 2.5 min after the main shock, thousands of smaller quakes occurred in the next two weeks
30
Duration of shaking for WSE
11s
31
Damage of WSE
67 deaths, 4K injured, 12K homeless, most people killed on a section of highway I-880 that collapsed
32
Tectonic setting of California
North American plate is sliding SE of the Pacific plate
33
The Hydrologic Cycle
Evaporation, Precipitation, Return
34
Three types of porosity
Solution cavities, intergranular porosity, fracture porosity
35
Solution Cavities
Large pores formed by the dissolution of rock - usually forms in limestones
36
Sinkholes
Solution cavity that opens to the surface
37
Karst Topography
Solution cavities create caves, landscape dominated by sinkholes
38
Permeability
ability of material to transmit water, highly permeable = transmit water quickly, Shale fracking increases permeability allowing the oil and gas to flow out of the rock
39
Groundwater flow
Moves with pressure to where water table is low, FLOWS DOWN POTENTIAL, originates from precipitation
40
Potential Surface
Differences in the elevation of the water table creates a pressure surface (in unconfined aquifers the potential surface is the water table)
41
Cone of Depression
a conical depression in the potential surface
42
The shape of the water table
Mimics the grounds surface and moves with rain
43
What is the direction of groundwater flow for FL?
All directions from central FL
44
Stream
the part of the hydrologic cycle that returns water to the oceans on the lands surface
45
Two components of streams
Water and sediment
46
Drainage Basin
an area from which all precipitation flows to a single stream
47
Parts of a river system
Tributaries, Main Trunk, Deltas
48
Tributaries
collection, a dendritic pattern of smaller streams that feed water into the main trunk
49
Main Trunk
Transports water
50
Spring
A place where groundwater discharges at the Earth’s surface
51
Deltas
Disperse, river water flows into a standing body of water
52
The number of tributaries decrease:
downstream
53
Tributaries V:
downstream
54
Longest rivers in the world:
Nile (4132), Amazon (4000), Yangtze (3915)
55
Longest rivers in US:
Missouri (2540), Mississippi (2340), Yukon (1980)
56
The stream gradient decreases:
Downstream (relief of land)
57
Stream competence decreases:
Downstream (grain size)
58
Discharge INCREASES:
Downstream
59
Discharge
V/t that passes through a stream
60
Stream discharge=
Velocity x Cross Sectional Area
61
Hydrograph
a graph that shows discharge over time
62
Floodplain
The portion of a river system that is covered by water during flood stage
63
Build house on
TERRACE
64
Meander
a twisting winding course of looping stream bends, erose outside, deposit inside
65
Entrenched Meander
rapid uplift of the land causes rapid down cutting
66
Point Bar
Sand or gravel deposited on the inside of a meander bend
67
Cut bank
Steeped wall on the outside of the meander
68
Oxbow Lakes
Isolated old meander bends
69
Natural levee
a curvy-linear mound of sand and gravel that parallels the riverbank
70
Alluvial fan
semicircular deposit of coarse sediment formed where the stream gradient suddenly changes
71
Lakes occur in
Topographic depressions
72
Origins of topographic depressions
Glaciers (kettle), Volcanoes, Faults
73
Two types of lakes
Oligotrophic and Eutrophic
74
Oligotrophic
Poorly-nourished, few plants and a lot of O
75
Eutrophic
Well-nourished, high Nitrogen and Phosphorus output (unhealthy)
76
When algae dies...
Oxygen depletes
77
Floods
The inundation of normally dry land resulting from the rising and overflowing of a body of water
78
July 2021 European Floods killed:
242
79
Floods occur when
Stream channels cannot contain the discharge
80
Base flow
A portion of the stream flow that is not runoff; it is water from the ground, flowing into the channel
81
Lateral spread occurs at
0.3 to 3º
82
Ground Oscillation
Slope is too gentle to permit lateral movement Blocks of soil may decouple and begin to shake Fissures open and close Sand boils up out of the ground
83
Tsunami
A series of sea-waves generated by an undersea disturbance
84
Causes of Tsunamis
Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and meteorite impacts MOST COMMON IS VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF SEAFLOOR
85
When a tsunami approaches land it:
slows down, amplitude increases
86
Tsunami Warning System
UNESCO 2006, consists of 25 seismographic stations and tidal gauges (DART)
87
The Indian Ocean Tsunami
Deadliest tsunami ever, 230,000 killed across 14 countries, earthquake was 9.1 (3rd largest) and shook ground for 10 min
88
East Japan Earthquake (2011)
9.03 (5th largest), Earthquake moved Honshu 8ft to the east, 15,882 dead and 6,142 injured, Sendai got 6mi inland

GEO (8 decks)

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