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Geo2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the ‘3Rs’ in waste management stand for?

A

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

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2
Q

Give one example of how to ‘reduce’ waste.

A

Using a reusable water bottle instead of buying single-use plastic bottles.

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3
Q

What is the primary benefit of ‘reusing’ items?

A

It extends the life of a product and prevents it from being discarded.

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4
Q

Name a common material that can be ‘recycled’.

A

Paper (or plastic, glass, aluminum).

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5
Q

Why is proper waste management important?

A

It helps protect the environment, conserve resources, and reduce pollution.

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6
Q

Name three common types of fossil fuels.

A

Coal, oil, and natural gas.

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7
Q

How were fossil fuels formed?

A

From the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years.

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8
Q

What is a major environmental impact of burning fossil fuels?

A

The release of greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change.

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9
Q

Besides climate change, name another negative impact associated with fossil fuels.

A

Air pollution (or water pollution from spills, habitat destruction from extraction).

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10
Q

What is a non-renewable resource, and why are fossil fuels considered non-renewable?

A

A resource that cannot be replaced at the same rate it is consumed; Fossil fuels take millions of years to form.

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11
Q

What is a ‘green energy source’?

A

Energy that comes from natural resources that are renewable and environmentally friendly.

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12
Q

Name three examples of green energy sources.

A

Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass.

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13
Q

How is solar energy captured?

A

Using photovoltaic panels that convert sunlight into electricity.

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14
Q

What is the main advantage of using green energy sources over fossil fuels?

A

They produce little to no greenhouse gas emissions, reducing their impact on climate change.

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15
Q

Explain how hydroelectric power is generated.

A

By harnessing the energy of moving water, typically through a dam and turbines.

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16
Q

What is the main goal of creating a sustainable city?

A

To meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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17
Q

Give one example of a sustainable transportation method in a city.

A

Public transport, cycling, walking, electric vehicles.

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18
Q

How can a city improve its waste management to be more sustainable?

A

By implementing comprehensive recycling programs, composting, and waste-to-energy initiatives.

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19
Q

What role do green spaces play in a sustainable city?

A

They help improve air quality, manage storm water, provide habitats for wildlife, and offer recreational areas.

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20
Q

How can buildings in a city be made more sustainable?

A

By using energy-efficient designs, renewable energy sources, and sustainable building materials.

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21
Q

What is the cryosphere?

A

The parts of the Earth’s surface where water is in solid form, including glaciers, ice sheets, sea ice, permafrost, and snow cover.

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22
Q

What is a glacier?

A

A large, persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight.

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23
Q

How do glaciers form?

A

From the accumulation and compaction of snow over many years.

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24
Q

Name two types of glaciers.

A

Valley glaciers (or alpine glaciers) and continental glaciers (or ice sheets).

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25
Why are glaciers important indicators of climate change?
Their size and extent are directly affected by temperature and precipitation changes.
26
Where are the two largest ice sheets on Earth located?
Greenland and Antarctica.
27
Besides Greenland and Antarctica, where else can glaciers be found?
In high mountain ranges on every continent except Australia.
28
Are glaciers found at the equator?
Yes, on the highest mountains in some equatorial regions.
29
What is a significant trend observed in the global distribution of glaciers today?
Most glaciers are shrinking in size due to rising global temperatures.
30
Name a mountain range known for having numerous glaciers.
The Himalayas (or Alps, Rockies, Andes, etc.).
31
What is glacial erosion?
The process by which glaciers wear away and remove rock and sediment from the landscape.
32
Define glacial abrasion.
The grinding and scraping of bedrock by rocks and sediment embedded in the base and sides of a glacier.
33
How does glacial plucking occur?
When meltwater seeps into cracks in the bedrock, freezes, and expands, pulling out pieces of rock as the glacier moves.
34
What is glacial transportation?
The movement of eroded material by a glacier.
35
Explain glacial deposition.
The dropping of sediment and rock material by a glacier as it melts or retreats.
36
What is a corrie (or cirque)?
A bowl-shaped depression carved by a glacier, typically at the head of a glacial valley.
37
How is an arête formed?
A sharp, knife-edge ridge formed between two corries or glacial valleys.
38
What is a pyramidal peak (or horn)?
A pointed mountain peak formed when three or more corries erode back towards each other.
39
Describe the shape of a glacial valley.
It is typically U-shaped with steep sides and a flat floor.
40
What is a hanging valley?
A smaller glacial valley that joins a larger, deeper glacial valley at a higher elevation, often resulting in a waterfall.
41
What is a glacial erratic?
A rock or boulder that has been transported by a glacier and deposited in an area with different underlying bedrock.
42
What is moraine?
Accumulations of glacial till (unsorted sediment and rock) deposited by a glacier.
43
Name three types of moraine.
Lateral moraine, medial moraine, terminal moraine, ground moraine.
44
What is a drumlin?
An elongated hill formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine.
45
How can you distinguish between the uphill and downhill ends of a drumlin?
The uphill end is typically steeper and blunter, while the downhill end is more gently sloping and tapered.
46
What is an avalanche?
A large mass of snow, ice, and rock that slides rapidly down a mountainside.
47
Name two natural causes of avalanches.
Heavy snowfall, sudden temperature changes, earthquakes, strong winds.
48
Name two human activities that can trigger avalanches.
Skiing, snowboarding, snowmobiling, hiking, construction, explosives.
49
What are some potential effects of an avalanche?
Destruction of property, injury or death to people, damage to infrastructure, disruption of ecosystems.
50
Name one method of avalanche management or control.
Snowpack analysis, controlled blasting, avalanche barriers, warning systems, education and awareness.
51
How does climate change affect glaciers?
Rising global temperatures cause glaciers to melt and shrink at an accelerated rate.
52
What is a major consequence of glacier melting for sea level?
It contributes to global sea-level rise.
53
How does the loss of glaciers impact freshwater resources?
Glaciers act as natural reservoirs, and their melting can initially increase water supply but lead to scarcity in the long term.
54
What is glacial retreat?
The shrinking in size and extent of a glacier over time.
55
Besides melting, what is another way climate change can affect glaciers?
Changes in precipitation patterns (e.g., less snowfall can reduce accumulation).
56
What is a topographic map?
A map that shows the shape and elevation of the land surface using contour lines.
57
What kind of information is typically shown on a political map?
Borders of countries, states, and cities, as well as capitals and major political divisions.
58
What does a thematic map show?
A map that illustrates a particular theme or topic, such as population density, climate, or rainfall.
59
What is the primary purpose of a road map?
To show roads, highways, and other transportation routes to help with navigation.
60
What is a physical map?
A map that shows natural features of the Earth's surface, such as mountains, rivers, lakes, and deserts.
61
In a four-figure grid reference, which direction do you read first?
Eastings (the numbers along the bottom of the map).
62
What does a four-figure grid reference identify?
A 1 kilometer by 1 kilometer grid square.
63
In a six-figure grid reference, what does the third and sixth digit represent?
Tenths of a kilometer within the grid square.
64
What does a six-figure grid reference allow you to locate more precisely than a four-figure reference?
A specific point within a 1 kilometer grid square (to the nearest 100 meters).
65
Which direction do you read after the Eastings when determining a grid reference?
Northings (the numbers along the side of the map).
66
What is a contour line on a map?
A line that connects points of equal elevation above sea level.
67
What does it indicate when contour lines are close together?
The slope of the land is steep.
68
What does it indicate when contour lines are far apart?
The slope of the land is gentle.
69
How can you determine the elevation of a point on a topographic map?
By looking at the value labeled on the contour line that the point is on or closest to.
70
What is the contour interval?
The difference in elevation between adjacent contour lines.
71
What is a cross-section on a map?
A profile view of the terrain along a specific line drawn on the map.
72
What is the purpose of drawing a cross-section?
To visualize the changes in elevation and the shape of the land surface.
73
What two pieces of information are typically plotted on the axes of a cross-section graph?
Distance along the line (horizontal axis) and elevation (vertical axis).
74
How do you use contour lines to help draw a cross-section?
By noting where the drawn line intersects each contour line and recording its elevation.
75
What can a cross-section tell you about the landscape that might be difficult to see from the contour lines alone?
The steepness of slopes and the overall profile of the terrain.
76
What does the scale of a map represent?
The ratio between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground.
77
Name two ways map scale can be represented.
As a ratio (e.g., 1:50,000), a written statement (e.g., '1 cm represents 500 meters'), or a graphic scale bar.
78
If a map has a scale of 1:25,000, what does 1 centimeter on the map represent on the ground?
25,000 centimeters or 250 meters.
79
How do you use a graphic scale bar to measure distance on a map?
By comparing the length of the distance on the map.
80
What are the types of scales used on maps?
A scale can be a ratio (e.g., 1:50,000), a written statement (e.g., "1 cm represents 500 meters"), or a graphic scale bar.
81
How do you use a graphic scale bar to measure distance on a map?
By comparing the length of the distance on the map to the marked segments on the scale bar.
82
What is the difference between a large-scale map and a small-scale map?
A large-scale map shows a smaller area with more detail, while a small-scale map shows a larger area with less detail.

Geo EOY (2 decks)

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