geog chap 11 Flashcards
(25 cards)
how do transport systems affect the environment?
changing the physical environment and increasing our carbon footprint
what are examples of changes made to rivers, mountains and slopes for the transport system?
rivers can be excavated or dammed. mountains can be excavated to build tunnels. slopes can be levelled so the land is flat.
what are forms of energy? (for transport activities)
electricity, biofuels and petroleum
what are silvers zones?
an zone created in areas with high proportion on senior residents, high accident rate involving elderly residents
what are features of silver zones?
reduced speed limit of 40km/h. reduction of number of lanes on road. bright yellow road strips and signs to mark silver zone.
how does traffic congestion occur?
when road usage approaches or exceeds road capacity
when do traffic congestions normally occur?
during peak hours
what are the impacts on health when there are traffic congestions?
poorer physical and emotional wellbeing of drivers and passengers. (drivers may get frustrated, lose concentration and cause accidents)
what are the impacts on environment when there are traffic congestions
longer travelling time leads to vehicles staying stationary, causing more fuels to be wasted, leading to higher CO2 emissions
what are the health risks when there are traffic congestions
harmful air pollutants such as smog are produced when fuel is burnt. this increases risks of respiratory problems
what are the safety risks when there are traffic congestions
road accidents cause damage to property and lives. there would also be an increase in crimes and outrage of modesty
what are laws and policies for?
to manage road safety and encourage car-lite initiatives
what are road safety campaigns for?
to raise awareness and educate people on importance of road safety to minimize safety risks on people
what are car-lite initiatives for?
to reduce the number of cars on the roads to minimize congestion
what is road pricing?
making drivers pay a premium when they use popular roads during peak periods
what are limitations of road pricing?
wealthy people are willing to pay the premium. does not reduce number of vehices on the road.
how does research help transport systems?
helps find ways to make transport systems more sustainable, and also improve mobility
what are usages of mobile applications for transport systems?
they provide real-time information annd allow people to plan their travel routes, time and costs(e.g. bus timings)
what problems does integrated land use planning solve, and what are its limitations?
traffic congestions.
it might take time to materialise to replan existing towns
what are the impacts of clearing the environment for transport?
deforestation, loss of habitats for animals, loss of plant species, more carbon emissions
what are ways to mitigate clearing of natural vegetation?
building eco-bridges and designating wildlife corridors
what does the energy for transport activities do to the environment?
it produces carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which increases carbon footprint
what are strategies used to prevent road accidents?
speed and red light cameras. speed limit on normal roads to 50km-70km/h.
expressways speed limit is 70km-90km/h.
demerit points and fines.
what are strategies used to prevent overcrowding in public transports?
increasing frequency of public transport during peak hours.
