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Geography 301 > Geographies of Inequality > Flashcards

Geographies of Inequality Flashcards

1
Q

inequality is more prevalent in

A

US than Canada

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2
Q

the US is highly

A

unequal

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3
Q

employment has shifted

A

From: manufacturing, construction, &other eroding middle-class jobs
To: healthcare, technology, informatics, and energy sectors -> require advanced levels of education and training

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4
Q

a person’s fortunes are strongly influenced by

A

the area or neighborhood in which they were born & raised &/or is trying to earn a living

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5
Q

inequality not just for income

A

health conditions, access to transportation, educational achievement, & even longevity

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6
Q

US today the number of families living in middle-income neighborhoods is

A

more than 1/3 lower than it was in 1970

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7
Q

US today residential areas housing wealthier and poorer extremes have

A

doubled in size since 1970

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8
Q

rural areas

A

shrinking job markets, dwindling populations, reduced services (schools), growing poverty

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9
Q

intraurban

A

within an urban area

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10
Q

Economic well-being of a neighborhood is clearly reflected

A

in housing prices

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11
Q

income inequality: why

A
  1. Legacy of slavery
  2. Historical racial segregation and gender discrimination
  3. Governmental policies, taxes
  4. Increased monopolization
  5. Stagnating minimum wage
  6. Offshoring
  7. Globalization and changes in technology
  8. Waning power of labor unions: reduced bargaining power among workers
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12
Q

61% Americans say

A

there is too much economic inequality in the country today, but views differ by political party and household income
level.

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13
Q

how is economic inequality measured

A

Gini coefficient

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14
Q

gini value of zero

A

perfect economic equality

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15
Q

gini value of one

A

perfect economic inequality

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16
Q

US gini coefficient

A

0.485

17
Q

US is most

A

unequal high-income eco in the world

18
Q

District of Columbia and the state of New York

A

greatest amount of income inequality (0.51)

19
Q

Utah has

A

greatest income equality (0.43)

20
Q

the highest-earning 20% of U.S. households have

A

steadily brought in a larger share of the country’s total income.

21
Q

The wealth gap between America’s richest and poorer families

A

more than doubled from 1989 to 2016

22
Q

top 10% own

A

70% US wealth

23
Q

The black-white income gap

A

has persisted over time in the US

24
Q

Middle-class incomes have grown at a

A

slower rate than upper tier incomes over the past 5 decades

25
Q

US economic mobility is

A

disappearing, heavily influenced by geography

26
Q

The fraction of Americans who earn more than their parents has

A

shrunk from more than 90% of those born in the 1940s to 50% of those born in the 1980s.

27
Q

Overall eco-mobility is

A

lower in the US than in many other developed countries

28
Q

why does inequality matter

A
  1. Hinders economic growth
  2. Fosters political dysfunction
  3. Rich households tend to spend less of their income than poorer ones.
  4. Wealthier can exert an outsize influence on government (further entrenching their power).
29
Q

addressing inequality

A
  1. supporting unionization
  2. raising the minimum wage
  3. more progressive tax code
  4. increase access to education: early education & college
  5. stronger social safety net
30
Q

During the post WWII era, the distribution of income in the US

A

was relatively stable & egalitarian.

31
Q

Trade union decline, occurring w/in the context of deindustrialization and the offshoring of routine-manufacturing jobs

A

creates larger distributional effects than these factors would in isolation

32
Q

Employment opportunities for less-skilled Americans have shifted

A

away from unionized jobs in the industrial sector (high-wage, secure employment) toward non-unionized jobs in the service sector (low-wage, insecure employment).

33
Q

Importantly, this economic transformation not only

A

reduces the prevalence of good unionized jobs, but weakens the bargaining power of trade unions more generally

34
Q

The combined effect drives

A

income inequality substantially upward

Geography 301 (7 decks)

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