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Year 8 Subjects > Geography > Flashcards

Geography Flashcards

0
Q

Where does freeze-thaw weathering occur and name the stages.

A

This type of weathering occurs in places where the temperature fluctuates around 0 degrees Celcius and where water is present. For example a mountainous area.

The three stages of freeze-thaw weathering is:

  1. Water fills a crack.
  2. The water freezes and the crack is made wider.
  3. The rock breaks into several pieces.
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1
Q

What is weathering?

A

Weathering is the breakdown of rocks by water, frost and temperature change. Rocks can also be broken down by the effects of plants and animals.

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2
Q

What does in-situ mean?

A

In-situ means “in its original place”.

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3
Q

What does fluctuates mean?

A

Fluctuates means that something shifts back and forth irregularly.

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4
Q

Where does onion-skin weathering occur?

A

Onion-skin weathering occurs in places with extremes of temperature, like in the desert.

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5
Q

During the day the desert is very?

A

Hot.

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6
Q

When something is heated what happens?

A

Expands.

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7
Q

At night the temperature drops to below?

A

Freezing

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8
Q

When something is cooled what happens?

A

Contracts.

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9
Q

Are rocks a good conductor of heat?

A

No, rocks are poor conductors of heat.

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10
Q

Which part of the rock is affected when heated?

A

Only the outer layers of the rock are affected.

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11
Q

What is repeated in onion-skin weathering and what happens?

A

The repeated expansion and contraction puts stress on the rock surface so it peels like the skin of an onion.

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12
Q

Name the processes of biological weathering.

A
  1. Seeds blow into a crack.
  2. Crack gives moisture and shelter.
  3. Roots develop
  4. Tree grows
  5. Roots break up rocks
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13
Q

What is chemical weathering caused by and explain.

A

This is caused by the action of water ordinary rainwater contains small amounts of acid. When it comes into contact with rock the acid attacks it and causes the rock to rot and crumble away. The results of this can be seen on buildings and in churchyards where the stone has been worn away or pitted. Water and heat make chemical weathering happen faster, so it is greatest in places that are warm and wet.

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14
Q

What is erosion?

A

Erosion is the wearing away and removes loosened material with the effects of rivers, ice, the sea and wind.

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15
Q

What is a glacier?

A

A glacier is a tongue of ice moving down a valley.

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16
Q

What is transportation?

A

Transportation is the carrying of material from one place to another by human action, wind, water and ice.

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17
Q

What is deposition?

A

Deposition is the dumping of materials when wind, water or ice lose its energy.

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18
Q

What are the five parts of a river?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Source
  3. Drainage basin
  4. Tributory
  5. Watershed
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19
Q

What is the drainage basin?

A

The drainage basin is the area drained by a river and its tributories.

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20
Q

What is a tributory?

A

A tributory is a small river that joins larger rivers.

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21
Q

What is a watershed?

A

The watershed is an area if high land that separates one drainage basin from another.

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22
Q

What are the four types of transportation?

A
  1. Traction
  2. Saltation
  3. Suspension
  4. Solution
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23
Q

What is traction?

A

Traction is when large boulders are rolled along the bottom of the river.

24
Q

What is saltation?

A

Saltation is when smaller pieces are lifted and dropped.

25
Q

What is suspension?

A

Suspension is when much smaller pieces are carried within the flow.

26
Q

What is solution?

A

Solution is when the particles are dissolved in water.

27
Q

What are the four types of erosion?

A
  1. Attrition
  2. Corrosion
  3. Corrasion/abrasion
  4. Hydraulic action
28
Q

What is attrition?

A

Attrition is when rocks bang together and break up.

29
Q

What is corrosion?

A

Corrosion is when acids in the water eat away at the bed and banks.

30
Q

What is corrasion/abrasion?

A

Corrasion/abrasion is when small particles rub against the bank like sandpaper.

31
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

Hydraulic action is when the force of the rivers remove base material.

32
Q

What are the steps that a V-shaped valley is made?

A
  1. Large boulders roll along the bottom and deepen the river channel.
  2. The steep sides are attacked by weathering. Eg. Freeze thaw weathering or biological weathering.
  3. The loosened material falls into the river channel due to gravitiy. This leaves a V-shaped valley.
  4. Loose material is carried away by the river.
33
Q

What are waterfalls?

A

Waterfalls are an attractive and often spectacular feature of a river.

34
Q

What is the highest waterfall in the world and what is the height?

A

The tallest waterfall is Angel Falls located in South America. Its height is 979 meters.

35
Q

How tall is the Canary Wharf Tower?

A

244 meters which is a fourth of the Angel Falls.

36
Q

What is the most well known waterfall in the world and what is its height?

A

Niagra Falls is the most well known waterfall and its height is 50 meters.

37
Q

What is the tallest waterfall in England and what is its height?

A

The tallest waterfall in England is High Force which is 20 meters.

38
Q

How are waterfalls formed?

A
  1. Flailing water and rock particles or boulders loosen and wear away the softer rock.
  2. The hard rock above is undercut as erosion of the soft rock continues.
  3. The hard rock collapses into the plunge pool to be broken up and washed away by the river. The position of the falls moves back.
  4. Erosion continues and the waterfall slowly eats its way upstream, leaving a gorge behind.
39
Q

What is alluvium?

A

Alluvium is a fine muddy material that is left behind after floods. It is often called silt.

40
Q

Which occurs at the outside of a river bend- erosion or deposition?

A

Erosion.

41
Q

What happens at the inside of a river bend- erosion or deposition?

A

Deposition.

42
Q

What does the erosion make at a river?

A

River cliff.

43
Q

What does the deposition make at a river?

A

Slip off slope.

44
Q

Is the current fast at the outside of the river bend?

A

Yes.

45
Q

Is the current fast at the river bend?

A

No.

46
Q

Which side is deep and which side is shallow in a river bend?

A

The outside of a river bend is deep and the inside of a river bend is shallow.

47
Q

What are meanders?

A

Meanders are the many bends of a river.

48
Q

What is a flood plain?

A

The flood plain is an area of flat land on either side if the river channel.

49
Q

What are erosion landforms?

A

Erosion landforms are made by the wearing away of the coast.

50
Q

The soft rock areas become?

A

Bays.

51
Q

The hard rock areas become?

A

Headlands.

52
Q

What is a bay?

A

A bay is an opening in the coastline.

53
Q

What is a headland?

A

A headland is a stretch of land jutting out into the sea.

54
Q

Name the steps in how headlands are eroded.

A
  1. The sea attacks small cracks and opens them.
  2. The crack gets larger and develop into a small cave.
  3. When the cave wears right through the headland, an arch forms.
  4. Further erosion causes the arch to collapse. This leaves a pillar of rock standing away from the coast. This pillar is called a stack.
55
Q

What is a stack?

A

A stack is a detached pillar of rock on a sea coast separated from the mainland erosion.

56
Q

What is a spit?

A

A spit is a long narrow accumulation of sand and shingle that grows out from the coastline.

57
Q

What are the things you add in the ocean to prevent spits to be made?

A

Groynes

Year 8 Subjects (10 decks)

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