Geography Flashcards

Question

How can climate change be managed?

Answer 1

Carbon capture: This involves new technology designed to reduce climate change by taking Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in the ground. Planting trees: Planting trees increase the amount of carbon is absorbed from atmosphere. International agreements: Countries aim to cut emissions by signing international deals and by setting targets e.g. Paris 2015 Renewable energy: Replacing fossil fuels based energy with clean/natural sources of energy.

Answer 2

Agricultural adaptions: Climate change will have huge impacts on agricultural systems, farmers will have to adapt by changing crops, livestock and techniques and manage water supplies. Reducing the risk of rising sea levels: We need to manage our costal areas as sea levels rise

Answer 3

A natural hazard is a natural process which could cause death, injury or disruption to humans, property and possessions.

Answer 4

The Crust: Varies in thickness (5-10km) beneath the ocean. Made up of several large plates. (Continental Crust - Thicker, less dense and older) (Oceanic crust - thinner, more dense and younger) The Mantle: Widest layer (2900km thick). The heat and pressure means the rock is in a semi molten state that is in a state of convection. The Inner and Outer Core: Hottest section (5000 degrees). Mostly made of iron and nickel and is 4x denser than the crust. Inner section is solid whereas outer layer is liquid

Answer 5

The crust is divided into tectonic plates which are moving due to convection currents in the mantle. 1. Radioactive decay within the core generates a lot of heat. 2. When lower parts of the mantle molten rock (Magma) heat up they become less dense and slowly rise. 3. As they move towards the top they cool down, become more dense and slowly sink. 4.These circular movements of semi-molten rock are convection currents 5.Convection currents create drag on the base of the tectonic plates and this causes them to move.

Answer 6

Constructive plate boundary: Here two plates are moving apart causing new magma to reach the surface through the gap. Volcanoes formed along this crack cause a submarine mountain range such as those in the Mid Atlantic Ridge. Destructive Plate Boundary: When the denser plate (oceanic plate) subducts beneath the other (continental plate), friction causes it to melt and become molten magma. The magma forces its ways up to the surface to form a volcano. This margin is also responsible for devastating earthquakes. Conservative Plate Boundary: A conservative plate boundary occurs where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, or in the same direction but at different speeds. This is responsible for earthquakes such as the ones happening along the San Andreas Fault, USA.

Answer 7

Earthquakes are caused when two plates become locked causing friction to build up. From this stress, the pressure will eventually be released, triggering the plates to move into a new position. This movement causes energy in the form of seismic waves, to travel from the focus towards the epicentre. As a result, the crust vibrates triggering an earthquake. 1. The point directly above the focus, where the seismic waves reach first, is called the EPICENTRE. 2. SEISMIC WAVES (energy waves) travel out from the focus 3. The point at which pressure is released is called the FOCUS.

Answer 8

8,841 died and 16,800 injured 1 million homeless 7000 schools and 26 hospitals destroyed US$5billion in damages

Answer 9

Avalanche killed 19 on Mount Everest Tourism and income declined Rice seed ruined causing food shortages

Answer 10

500,000 tents provided Field hospitals set up Medical supplies from WHO

Answer 11

US$271 million in aid Stricter building regulations Damaged building were cleared

Answer 12

308 killed and 1,500 injured 67,500 homeless 10,000-15,000 buildings collapsed US$11,434 million damage

Answer 13

Landslides and rockfalls House prices and rents increased Mudflow by a burst pipe

Answer 14

10,000 sheltered in hotels and 40,000 tents given out Seven dog search and rescue units Free mobile phone calls Mortgages and bills for sky suspended

Answer 15

No taxes for residents during 2010 Students did not have to pay university fees Torch lit procession every year

Answer 16

Monitoring: Very difficult to monitor. Foreshocks using a seismometers could indicate a big earthquake Prediction: Extremely difficult to predict time, date or exact location Protection: Sea wall in case of tsunami Building and transport design can be improved (deep foundation, shock absorbers, plastic glass, clear evacuation routes) Strict building regulation Planning: Practice drills Preparing emergency supplies and location of evacuation centre Securing objects and furniture

Answer 17

The world's population is increasing. Since the 1900s, the bigger the global population has become, the faster it has grown.

Answer 18

Increasing proportion of people living in built environments such as towns and cities

Answer 19

HICs first to urbanise & have largest proportion living in towns and cities. LICs - lower amounts of urbanisation, but are urbanising rapidly. NEEs are seeing the largest growth in urban areas (India, China and Nigeria)

Answer 20

1. MIGRATION - movement of population from one area to another Rural to urban migration, which is the movement of people from countryside to city areas. Many LICs are experiencing massive rural to urban migration, mainly of young males, into the major cities. This is due to push and pull factors. Push factor: can force or encourage people to move away from an area. Pull factor encourages people to move to an area: * famine * drought * and a higher standard of flooding a lack of employment opportunities * population growth and over population *civil war * chance of a better job * better access to education and services drought * and a higher standard of living 2. NATURAL INCREASE - Natural increase is where the birth rate is higher than the death rate. Natural increase is higher in LICs and some NEEs because there are lots of young adults aged 18-35 and improvements in healthcare, improved water supplies, improved sanitary conditions have lowered death rates.

Answer 21

Megacities - cities with over 10 million people, are almost exclusively in LIC. Asia has the highest number of Megacities

Answer 22

Lagos is located on the south coast of Nigeria, close to the Benin border.

Answer 23

Good transport links- centre of trade. Large migrant population.- this creates cultural diversity. Largest city in Nigeria (21 mill megacity) 80% of Nigeria's industry, 30% of GDP. Financial centre of west Africa. Important port, international airport.

Answer 24

Rural to urban migration - More than 275,000 migrants arrive in Lagos every year. 1,200 migrants arrive each day. Natural Increase - High birth rate of 35.2 per 1000/year. Migrants are young so have children.

Answer 25

* Better access to services (health care, water treatment). * 68% have a secondary education. 90% attend primary v.s. 40% in rural areas. * Electricity (Lagos uses 40% of Nigeria's).

Answer 26

* Jobs available (construction- Eko Atlantic). * Wages 4x higher than in rural areas. * Thriving film/music industry-Nollywood 2 nd largest film industry, $3 billion in 2018

Answer 27

Groups of industries located together. * Provide jobs > Wages increase > Home market increases. * Increases exports + tax to government. * Attracts other businesses (positive multiplier effect).

Answer 28

Managing urban growth - 66% live in squatter settlements like Makoko (1/4 million people). Squatter settlements are areas of poor-quality housing (often illegal), lacking in basic services i.e. sewage and water. 3 km to communal water points. Up to 15 households can share 1 toilet. Proving clean water - Only 40% of the city is connected to the state water supply. Pipes are old and can be contaminated with sewage. Informal market for water- inflated prices. Proving sanitation - Squatter settlements do not have access to sewers. Causes health problems e.g. cholera. Providing energy - Not enough power for all... Neighbourhoods have to take turns for a few hours at a time. In squatter settlements, some illegally tap electricity which is dangerous. Providing access to services - This is better than in rural areas... but not equal for all. Squatter settlements have limited access. Poorer people are less likely to afford services. Makoko has just 1 school and informal, unregistered healthcare centres. Reducing unemployment - Not enough formal jobs. 60% work in the informal eco Crime - City is too large to effectively police all of it. High crime rates in squatter settlements. Gangs like 'Area boys'

Answer 29

Waste disposal: Produces 9000 tonnes of rubbish each day. Only 40% of rubbish is collected. -LAWMA starting to collect rubbish overnight. Recycling banks added to each estate. Air and water pollution: 10,000 illegal industries = waste disposal and emissions are not controlled. Squatter settlements have no sanitation. Pollution levels are 5x higher than recommended limit > breathing problems. -Lagos has banned the import of mini generators Communities encouraged to share one larger generator. $2.5 million new water treatment plants. Traffic congestion 40% of Nigeria's cars are registered in Lagos. Bad traffic congestion- poor public transport 2 hours commute called the 'Go Slow'. -Bus Rapid Transit network. Built to cope with 200,000 people daily.

Answer 30

(What?) Makoko Floating School - built in 2013 Educated 100 of the poorest children in Makoko (How does it improve quality of life?) Collects rainwater - drinking source Used for community meetings Built by unskilled locals (gained new skills) Improved job prospects for children (was it successful?) Increased quality of life as people provided with drinking water. People are provided with jobs that create money Collapsed after a storm in 2016. Didn't cater for enough children.

Answer 31

South East of England and located on the River Thames.

Answer 32

London is the largest and wealthiest city in the UK. London is a national and international centre for: * Media and communications networks * Education, including universities * Legal and medical centre * Culture, entertainment and tourism London has a global reach, through its major airports Heathrow and Gatwick. Home to a number of TNC offices e.g. Google

Answer 33

Internal (within the UK) migration has been negative; that is the numbers of people moving out of London has been greater than the number of UK residents moving in. This balance has got smaller over time.

Answer 34

International net migration has always been positive in the last 100 years, so there have always been more foreign-born people moving into London than out of it. This impacts on the social opportunities London has to offer.

Answer 35

Social: Cultural Mix - London is one of the most diverse places on earth - culture. language, food. music. festivals Recreation/entertainment - cultural quarters e.g Leicester Square, Museums e.g. Natural History museum etc. Integrated Transport svstem - 25% journevs on public transport. London Busses, "Boris" bikes, Tube, Oyster cards. Roads and rail links converge here. Economic: Employment - people more likely to be employed in high paying jobs such as finance and managerial lots of financial sector jobs Environmental: Urban greening - 700 Green roofs and lots of parks for people to enjoy Integrated transport system 38% open green space Range of green spaces open to the public

Answer 36

Social: Inequality - 16% of Londoners are in the poorest tenth nationally, whilst 17% are in the richest tenth of people in the country. Inequalities in housing provision, education, Health of residents, employment and wages. Urban deprivation is a standard of living below that of the majority in a particular society that involves hardships and lack of access to resources - Newham Economic: Urban decline is the deterioration of the inner city often caused by lack of investment (deindustrialization) and maintenance - includes parts of Newham 250 hectares of brownfield sites, equivalent to an area just short of the size of Hyde Park that are not in line for development of any sort. Greenfield Versus Brownfield sites - numerous social and economic issues Environmental: Urban sprawl damages the rural-urban fringe. Increased Traffic so more pollution and health Issues Pollution - Ozone, Particulate Matter, Nitrous Oxides Waste Disposal - Landfill versus recycling?

Answer 37

Located in Stratford and nearby Tower Hamlets. The areas around the park had abandoned old industrial sites, low achievement at school in terms of GCSE point's score, industrial wastelands, higher than average unemployment than the rest of London and higher deprivation and poverty for the people that lived there.

Answer 38

Athletes' village has been relaunched as a housing estate called the East Village. Almost half of these 2,818 new homes (40%) will be affordable. new schools. Parklands created. Environment improved. Stadia reused for local sports use.

Answer 39

Cost (£5 billion over budget) Unemployment didn't change and very few jobs for local people. Many people remain poor around the local area. Games produced 3.3 million tons of CO2 Impact on local environment. Housing still unaffordable.

Answer 40

Water conservation, reducing waste, energy conservation, providing green space Sustainable urban transport strategies: Increase bus use, encourage cycling and walking. London: -- Integrated transport system -- Congestion charge --Public transport -- Increased recycling

Geography Flashcards

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