Geography - 2nd topic EQ 1

Question 1

International migration

Answer 1

the movement of a population within a country

Question 2

Natural change

Answer 2

Outcome of balance between births and deaths. Natural increase = births<deaths.>deaths</deaths.>

Question 3

Ethnicity

Answer 3

cultural heritage shared by others, includes race, history, language and religion

Question 4

Sense of place

Answer 4

Overarching impression encompassing general ways people feel about a place

Question 5

Social isolation

Answer 5

A complete or nearly complete lack of contact with people and society.

Question 6

Counter-urbanisation

Answer 6

The movement of people and employment from major cities to smaller settlements and rural places

Question 7

Suburbanisation

Answer 7

The outward spread of the built-up area, often at lower densities compared with older parts of a town or city.

Question 8

Assimilation

Answer 8

The process by which people of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds come to interact and intermix

Question 9

Social housing

Answer 9

Provides accommodation at affordable rents to people on low incomes

Question 10

Perception

Answer 10

An individual’s or groups ‘picture’ of reality from what they’ve heard

Question 11

Demographic

Answer 11

Means population or some aspect of it such as its size, rate of change, density and composition

Question 12

Ethnic segregation

Answer 12

The voluntary or enforced separation of people of different cultures or nationalities

Question 13

Gentrification

Answer 13

A change in social status, where former working class inner-city areas are increasingly occupied

Question 14

Low income households

Answer 14

Those earning 60% or less of median household income, after housing costs have been deducted

Question 15

Culture

Answer 15

The ideas, beliefs, customs and social behaviour of a group or society

Question 16

How has the uk population changed

Answer 16

In the 1960s it was at its lowest at 52 million, it has continuous grown, now in 2020s it’s at 67 million, a 15 million increase in 60 years

Question 17

Population distribution - England

Answer 17

Central London has a population density of 5000 per km2 and Birmingham and Manchester have 2500-4999 per km2

Question 18

Population distribution - Scotland

Answer 18

There are 3 high population zones of 500-1000 per km2 these are Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen, no other exceed 200+

Question 19

Population density - Wales

Answer 19

The south is where the highest pop is, Cardiff has 2500-4999 per km2, Swansea next biggest with 1000-2499 per km2

Question 20

Population density - Northern Ireland

Answer 20

Highest pop in Belfast 2500-4999 per km2, Lisbon 2nd highest at 250-499 per km2 the rest is 249 per km2

Question 21

Impacts on population density - physical environment

Answer 21

Houses on flat land - cheaper
Steep slopes and floodlands - expensive and difficult
Historical spread of urban areas has went outwards

Question 22

Impacts on population density - Socioeconomic status

Answer 22

More wealthy people want to live in low housing areas - west
Away from pollution - the west
Poorer housing in east
High densities - low housing costs - east

Question 23

Impacts on population density- household size and dwelling type

Answer 23

Dwelling type - high rise will cause high population density, estate will have lower
Household size - number of people living in dwelling type

Question 24

Impacts on population density - functions

Answer 24

Population density is lower where there’s more non residential activities
These areas have more expensive housing

Question 25

Impacts on population density - planning

Answer 25

Urban sprawl - cities grow, green belt land tries to contain these cities Planning consent - how many dwelling units can be built

Question 26

Uk population pyramid 2001 - 2011

Answer 26

Higher birth rate Higher life expectancy - better health care + NHS Higher working age - migrants More population growth - natural increase + migration Higher dependency - elderly, ageing population

Question 27

Reasons for decrease in family size - UK

Answer 27

Emancipation - women work more, are in education Infant mortality fallen Contraception Divorce

Question 28

Population structure - Rural

Answer 28

Low pop Internal migration Old pop Low fertility High mortality Low diversity No international migration

Question 29

Population structure - Urban

Answer 29

High pop International migration High fertility High working age High population Diverse

Question 30

Population structure - Urban + Rural

Answer 30

Attract internal migrants Reasons for high mortality Pop of commute village similar to urban area

Question 31

UK - key trends between total population and annual change

Answer 31

From 1964-2004 annual change was under population. In 2006 it peaked and has stayed above population. But population also peaked and went above 60 million. In 1982 annual change was below 0%.

Question 32

Population as a system

Answer 32

Inputs - births and immigrants Outputs - deaths and emigrants Births + deaths = natural change Immigrants + emigrants = migrational change

Question 33

UK - how has birth rates changed past 100 years

Answer 33

Industrial Revolution - infant mortality was high, so were birth rates 1950’s ghettos formed, had high birth rates England, Scotland and wales have had low fertility until 1921

Question 34

UK - how has death rates changed past 100 years

Answer 34

Industrial Revolution - horrible conditions high infant mortality WW1 - young men killed First half of 20th century, infant mortality declined - better healthcare

Question 35

UK - how has immigration rates changed past 100 years

Answer 35

Improvements in agriculture, more people attracted to UK Between 1801-1851 population of England doubled Since 1950’s UK experienced high levels of immigration

Question 36

UK - how has emigration rates changed past 100 years

Answer 36

1945-1982 ten pound Pom act encouraged people to leave Uk 1978 Canada introduced acts to make it easier for people to immigrate

Question 37

Differences between Elswick and Jesmond

Answer 37

In Jesmond 59.4% of houses are not deprived, in Elswick only 26% aren’t. In Jesmond 89.4% of residents are white British, in Elswick only 43.5% are. Some reasons are education, jobs, house prices and upbringing

Question 38

What is cultural diversity

Answer 38

Different races and religions within a city or society

Question 39

Social clustering

Answer 39

Preference to live close to preferred people

Question 40

Government policies

Answer 40

After WW2: labour shortages in textiles, public transport and NHS - government sponsored job advertisements overseas Schengen Agreement - part of being in the EU, allowed free movement to EU countries

Question 41

Accessibility to key cities

Answer 41

Settlement patters determined by easy access in key cities e.g. many Pakistani migrants located in northern England, like Lancashire in textile cities

Question 42

How does migration affect the UK

Answer 42

Brings young workers, decreases the ageing population will also increase the population, more young people can equal increase in births