Geography: Case Study London & Mumbai Flashcards
(16 cards)
1
Q
3.2.3.1 Urbanisation
LONDON
A
Rapid urbanisation between early 1800s and 1940s due to industrial revolution followed with the development of the London Underground and local railways / trams built across the Thames. Buses then enabled more direct routes from the suburbs and ‘infillin’ began. The late 20th century saw Central London lose 16% of its population as growth of middle/high classes moved to outer boroughs, leaving concentrations of low-income earners in the inner Eastern boroughs.
2
Q
3.2.3.2 Urban Form
LONDON
A
- Evidence of the Burgess Concentric Ring Model, with shops, offices and public buildings in the centre, followed by inner city terraced housing with some evidence of gentrification e.g. Notting Hill
- Classified as an Alpha++ ‘World City’ due to high levels of integration into the global economy, it’s importance in terms of finance, trade, education & culture. London has been top ranked due to: connectivity including technology and transport, historically / politically due to the position of the British Empire, this resulted in significant changes in society & demographics through migration from other parts of the Empire and more recently as a place of economic opportunity with international HQs (40% of world foreign equities traded and 30% of world currency exchange). 42 Higher Education Institutes
3
Q
3.2.3.3 Social and Economic Issues
LONDON
A
- High degrees of inequality even within the same
boroughs. Kensington & Chelsea has 16% of the
poorest decile and 17% of the richest decile nationally - 2015: 27% living in poverty after housing costs. Fairness commission – for every £1 the bottom 10% earn, the top 10% earn £172.
- Boroughs with lowest GCSE results – 38% grew up
impoverished compared to 13% in better off areas - Poor are 2x more likely to die from chronic lower
respiratory illness. Difference between highest & lowest life expectancy is 15.7yrs (F) and 16.1% (M) - 1/3 more crimes reported 2018-2019 in most incomedeprived areas. Drugs/ weapons offences 3x more prevalent than in 10% least-deprived areas.
- Living Wage: lifted 10,000 families out of poverty.
2021 = £11.05 per hour – more than 2,500 businesses
pay the London Living Wage - Education: London Challenge initiative. London
schools perform better on the whole compared to the
rest of the country & have improved at a faster rate. - Health: London Mayor Health Strategy aims for all
Londoners to walk/cycle for at least 20 minutes per day
by 2041 to improve health and lower obesity. - Employment: Workplace scheme, Newham = 20,000
into employment since 2007 - Governance: London Mayor role created in 2000 by the Greater London Authority Act – main powers
around housing, transport and crime
4
Q
3.2.3.4 Urban Climate
LONDON
A
- Temperate maritime climate (generally not extreme)
- UHI means that London 10°C warmer than surrounding rural areas. 2023, temperature exceed 40°C for the first time, impacting human health (particularly vulnerable) and decreasing consumption of water and energy
- Climate change predicted to increase intensity of storms & droughts, posing challenges to drainage networks
- Poor air quality (3.2.3.7)
5
Q
3.2.3.5 Urban Drainage
LONDON
A
- 15% London is a floodplain, Climate change = wetter winters & more frequent intense rainfall. Combined with rising sea levels and tidal surges = major threat to London.
- SuDS are becoming more common and include part of almost all new urban design but also retrofitted
- London-wide flooding strategy set to be announced later 2024 called Surface Water Strategic Group in response to 2021 flooding creating a ‘sponge city’
- Ongoing works at improving many of London river e.g. the River Lea which runs through the Olympic site
6
Q
3.2.3.6 Urban Waste
LONDON
A
- Overall recycling rates 33% compared to 43% nationally due to logistical challenges & access to recycling facilities.
- Around 7 million tonnes produced each year from our homes, public building and businesses.
- Zero waste city. By 2026 no biodegradable or recyclable waste will be se not to landfill, and by 2030, 65% of London’s municipal waste will be recycled.
- Handful of incinerators including Edmonton EcoPark which can recycle 135,000 tonnes of waste and a new Energy from Waste facility will provide electricity for 127,000 homes.
7
Q
3.2.3.7 Other Environmental Issues
LONDON
A
AIR POLLUTION: ‘Pea-souper’ smog e.g. 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956.
- Contributes to 9000 deaths annually. Public Health England found 5.3% of all deaths in people aged over 25 are linked to air pollution.
WATER POLLUTION:
- Thames Water fined £20m for pumping 1.5 billion litres of sewage into the river.
- River Thames 100 years age, 0 fish. Now over 125 species.
GREEN SPACE:
- Roughly 47% of Greater London is ‘green’ (although only 20% of that is made up of publicly accessible parks)
- London has the lowest levels of green space availability in all the UK. Target to increase green cover by 5% by 2030.
8
Q
3.2.3.8 Sustainability
LONDON
A
- Transport: Crossrail link/ Elizabeth Line (central section opening 2022 and then fully in 2023? – originally due to open 2018) ↑ railbased capacity by 10% - reduce commuting/ ease congestion/ encourage regeneration/ ↑ mobility. Congestion Charge introduced in
2003 & then ULEZ. ‘Boris bikes’ helped to ↑cycling by 173% since 2001 - Air Quality: London Local Air Quality Management (LLAQM) - fines for vehicle engine idling in Square Mile, zero-emission buses
and taxis, public charging points, promote cycling through education & improved infrastructure. ULEZ, now extends almost to M25 - Equal life changes for all project’ (2012): ↑ living wage/ 4-year building scheme for affordable homes for 250,000 Londoners/
‘London enriched’/ ‘Team London’ volunteering scheme to build stronger neighbourhoods & community cohesion. - BEDZed: sustainable housing development 82 houses, 17 apartments and 1405m2 of workspace. Aim to create zero carbon
emissions, building materials recycled or renewable and sourced within 50 miles. There are 777m2 of solar panels. Houses south facing to maximise suns heat. Sunspaces provide an additional layer of natural insulation and heating source (although not so
successful). A centralised heating plant, which uses off-cuts from tree surgery waste to help reduce overall energy consumption.
Green roofs further insulate the housing, and to provide spaces for residents to grow their own produce. Estimated 37% less CO2
from gas & electricity than the average equivalent development. Rainwater collected & reused, consumption reduced by 50%. social aim was to provide affordable housing and half of the homes are for shared home ownership or low-cost rent.
9
Q
3.2.3.1 Urbanisation
MUMBAI
A
Rapid urbanisation in the latter part of 20th Century. Increase of 10 million since 1990s caused through
significant economic growth in Mumbai/ India and rural-urban migration. This in turn was driven by
technological improvements and the relocation of industries to Mumbai from other areas (global deindustrialisation). This was also a consequence of political change with comprehensive economic reform initiated in 1991, including Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation (LPG) reforms, which lead to a drastic rise in foreign investment and a move towards a more service-based economy. A youthful population has also meant that natural increase has also played a part in urban growth.
10
Q
3.2.3.2 Urban Form
MUMBAI
A
- The wealthiest areas are located nearest to the CBD in the south and the
west coast and poorer areas are generally located in the east - More recently human influences have influenced urban form with improved
transport allowing the sprawl of the city and Mumbai, with nearby towns of Thane & Navi Mumbai forming part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region could
be considered edge cities. Regulations within the city have been designed to
deter migration and have prevented the building of affordable housing. - Newer developments are having to look at brownfield locations and some of
the new wealthier housing are fortress developments creating increasing
segregation and polarisation
11
Q
3.2.3.3 Social and Economic Issues
MUMBAI
A
- Economic inequality & social segregation heavily linked.
Average wage is $4/day but the gap is increasing with
the development of the financial sector - Up to 60% of Mumbaikars live in slums. Many slum
dwellers live on less than $2 a day. Conditions vary but
sanitation is generally poor with a single toilet being
shared by up to 1000 people. This combined with open sewers means there is a high level of illness which can impact productivity. 4000 cases of typhoid & diphtheria a day. Infant mortality is 26 per 1000 and only 30% of slum dwellers have access to public healthcare.
Education levels are also lower in the slums with 60%
adult literacy compared to 90% for the rest of the city. - Dharavi is the largest and most well-known slum with
approx. 1million people in 1 sq mile and the microindustries are estimated to generate $650million a year.
Employment is 85%, caters for a range of backgrounds
and many work in informal jobs with poor conditions. - Dharavi Redevelopment Project (DRP): 2004 -
Government announce redevelopment project to clear Dharavi & create independent township by building new apartments, improving water & sewage systems, hospitals & schools. Some residents object as it’s an
established community with successful industries e.g.
recycling/ pottery and the project would destroy
livelihoods and community spirit. This never took place
and was put on hold in 2019 after a Dubai-based firm won the global tender. Adani Realty awarded contract in Nov 2022. 4th attempt to get the project going.
12
Q
3.2.3.4 Urban Climate
MUMBAI
A
- Tropical monsoon climate (Monsoon: June- Sept),
although suggestion monsoon rains are becoming condensed into from 100 days to 70. - UHI means that Mumbai can be 7-10oC warmer than
surrounding rural areas. This has been increased due to rapid urbanisation/ urban sprawl & removal of natural vegetation such as mangroves/ forests & parks - IPCC predict increase in rain, heat and humidity along with sea-level rise = 2nd most at-risk city in the world
13
Q
3.2.3.6 Urban Waste
MUMBAI
A
- Unregulated dumping & lack social waste management
+ illegal dumping = water pollution & negative impact
upon health. 10,000 tons per day. Landfills
overflowing. - Zero-landfill waste management plan. However civic
groups such as Skrap have been educating businesses
and organisations on zero-waste - ‘Clean up Mumbai’ campaign – collect litter, educate
locals on recycling and waste disposal. - 200,000 ‘ragpickers’ work help recycling rates reach
80% for plastic - 3 landfill sites reaching capacity
14
Q
3.2.3.5 Urban Drainage
MUMBAI
A
- Water pumps can siphon excess was to underground
silos that can hold 26 million litres - 70% of Mithi’s embankments now occupied by settlement which removed mangroves, which provided some natural protection to flooding. 40% of
mangroves removed between 1995 & 2005. - Urban sprawl has greatly reduced tree cover and
increased impermeable surfaces - There are plans/ hopes to install 6000 rainwater
harvesting pits in municipal gardens that can hold up t
15
Q
3.2.3.7 Other Environmental Issues
MUMBAI
A
- Air pollution: WHO, 4
th most polluted megacity
PM10 of 104ppm (5x limit). NOx dangerously high (3x
limit) Burning of rubbish in Chembur, 25% of deaths
2008-2010 linked to respiratory problems
Water pollution: Mithi river – 25% of sewage flows
untreated. 2018 -16x the legal limit of faecal matter. - 2017 - £1billion update and expansion 7 treatment
plants but led to loss of 87 hectares of mangroves - Green spaces: Over last 30 years, lost 42.5% of green cover to public and private infrastructure. 400,000 trees have been planted through volunteering. Between 2011
and 2021, Mumbai has recorded a 9% increase in forest cover. Sanjay Ghandi National Park (SGNP) is an 87km^2 protected area to the north of Salsette Island
16
Q
3.2.3.8 Sustainability
MUMBAI
A
- Hindustan Unilever: 6 hygiene and sanitation community centre open so far. Provide drinking water, toilets and laundry facilities.
Reduces water pollution/ spread of disease. - Transport - target by 2025 that 10% of registered new vehicles will be electric. 2,000 electric buses by 2023 (15% of fleet)
- Energy - entire grid almost wholly coal-powered. Huge shift to solar. By 2026, Mumbai aims to generate 17gigawatts from solar,
helping meet the city target of 35% energy consumption from renewables, improving air quality - Water: Rainwater harvesting systems compulsory for all new residential buildings larger than 300m2
(only ½ of eligible buildings
have it installed)
