Geography DP1 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
What is the age dependency ratio?
A
The sum of the young population (under age 15) and elderly population (age 65 and over) relative to the working-age population (ages 15 to 64).
2
Q
What is a core in economic terms?
A
A central region in an economy, with good communications and high population density, which conduce to its prosperity.
3
Q
What is the demographic dividend?
A
The accelerated economic growth that may result from a decline in a country’s birth and death rates and the subsequent change in the age structure of the population.
4
Q
What is demographic transition?
A
The changes in key population parameters over time, primarily focusing on birth rates, death rates, and overall population growth within a society or country as it undergoes social and economic changes.
5
Q
What is economic development?
A
The process whereby simple, low-income national economies are transformed into modern industrial economies.
6
Q
What is an economic migrant?
A
A person who leaves their country of origin purely for economic reasons that are not in any way related to the refugee definition.
7
Q
What are emerging economies?
A
There is no official definition of an emerging market. The IMF classifies 39 economies as ‘advanced’ based on various factors.
8
Q
What are environmental push factors?
A
Environmental factors which initiate and influence the decision to migrate by impelling or stimulating emigration.
9
Q
What is a forced migrant?
A
A person subject to a migratory movement in which an element of coercion exists, including threats to life and livelihood.
10
Q
What is gender equality?
A
When people of all genders have equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities.
11
Q
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
A
A key economic indicator that measures the total value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders over a specified period.
12
Q
What is Gross National Income (GNI)?
A
An economic metric that measures the total income earned by a nation’s people and businesses, regardless of location.
13
Q
What are high-income economies?
A
Those with a GNI per capita of $13,846 or more in 2022.
14
Q
What is household/family size?
A
A group of persons who make common provision of food, shelter and other essentials for living.
15
Q
What is a human factor?
A
The various ways that human activities and decisions influence geographical phenomena.
16
Q
What is internal migration?
A
The movement of people within the same country from one geographical area to another.
17
Q
What is an internally displaced person?
A
A person or groups of persons who has been forced to flee their homes due to conflict or disasters.
18
Q
What is latitude?
A
The geographic coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the Earth’s surface.
19
Q
What is life expectancy at birth?
A
Indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality remain unchanged.
20
Q
What are low-income economies?
A
Those with a GNI per capita of $1,135 or less in 2022.
21
Q
What are lower middle-income economies?
A
Those with a GNI per capita between $1,136 and $4,465 in 2022.
22
Q
What is a megacity?
A
An urban area with a population of at least ten million people.
23
Q
What is a middle-income country?
A
Defined by the World Bank as economies with a GNI per capita between $1,086 and $13,205.
24
Q
What are multi-governmental organizations?
A
Organizations comprised of the governments of multiple countries, such as the United Nations.
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What is the periphery in economic terms?
Outlying regions with poor communications and sparse population.
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What is a physical factor?
The natural elements of the environment that influence human activities and patterns.
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What are political push factors?
Political factors which initiate and influence the decision to migrate by stimulating emigration.
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What is population ageing?
The process by which older individuals become a proportionally larger share of the total population.
29
What is population density?
The number of people living in a given area, usually expressed as the number of people per square kilometre.
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What is population distribution?
Describes the uneven spread of people across the Earth.
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What is a population pyramid?
A diagram that shows the distribution of a population by age groups and sex.
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What is a pro-natalist policy?
A population policy which aims to encourage more births through the use of incentives.
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What is the rate of natural increase?
The birth rate minus the death rate, expressed as a percentage.
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What is a refugee?
A person who, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution, is outside their country of nationality.
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What is the sex ratio?
Number of males per 100 females in the population.
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What is the total fertility rate?
Represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years.
37
What is trafficking?
The act of buying, selling, or transporting people for the purpose of exploiting them.
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What are upper middle-income economies?
Those with a GNI per capita between $4,466 and $13,845 in 2022.
39
What is urbanization?
The process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population comes to live in towns and cities.
40
What is voluntary migration?
The movement of individuals or groups who choose to relocate, typically motivated by personal factors.
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What are raw materials?
Raw materials are materials or substances used in the primary production or manufacturing of goods. Examples include steel, oil, corn, grain, gasoline, lumber, forest resources, plastic, natural gas, coal, and minerals.
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What is bandwidth?
The maximum amount of data transmitted over an internet connection in a given amount of time.
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What does BRICS stand for?
BRICS is an acronym for five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
44
What is containerization?
A system of intermodal freight transport using standardized intermodal containers that can be loaded and unloaded, stacked, and transported efficiently.
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What does contemporary mean?
Belonging to or occurring in the present.
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What is the core and periphery concept?
The concept of a developed core surrounded by an undeveloped periphery, applicable at various scales.
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What are counterfeit goods?
Counterfeit goods contain a trademark or logo that is identical or substantially indistinguishable from another's trademark, mimicking brand features.
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What are cross-border flows?
Flows of products, services, capital, information, and people across political (country) borders.
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What is cultural imperialism?
The practice of promoting the culture, values, or language of one nation in another, less powerful one.
50
What is debt relief?
The partial or total remission of debts, especially those owed by developing countries to external creditors.
51
What is dry cargo?
Goods, such as coal, metals, and grain, that are not liquid and are carried in large quantities by ship.
52
What is the emerging world?
Emerging markets are typically countries with low to middle per capita income that have begun to 'emerge' as significant players in the global economy.
53
What is energy policy?
Strategies and decisions made by a government or organization to manage energy production, distribution, and consumption.
54
What are fiber optics?
The technology used to transmit information as pulses of light through strands of fiber made of glass or plastic over long distances.
55
What is foreign direct investment?
Investment by a company into the structures, equipment, or organizations of a foreign country.
56
What is a free trade zone?
A designated area within a country where goods can be imported, manufactured, and re-exported without usual customs regulations.
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What is G7?
The Group of Seven (G7) is an inter-governmental political forum consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
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What is geographic isolation?
A situation where a population or area is separated from others by physical barriers, leading to limited interaction.
59
What does geopolitical mean?
Focuses on political power linked to geographic space, studying foreign policy through geographical variables.
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What is global connectedness?
The depth and breadth of a country's integration with the rest of the world through international flows.
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What are global interactions?
A complex process where cultural traits and commodities may be adopted, adapted, or resisted by societies.
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What are global lending institutions?
International financial organizations that provide loans and assistance to support economic development and reduce poverty.
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What is a global strategy?
Plans developed by an organization to target growth beyond its borders, aiming to increase sales abroad.
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What is the globalization index?
The KOF Globalisation Index measures the economic, social, and political dimensions of globalization.
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What is hegemony?
The political, economic, or military predominance of one state over others.
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What are illegal flows?
Movement of goods, money, or people across borders in violation of laws, including smuggling and human trafficking.
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What is the IMF?
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution working to foster global monetary cooperation.
68
What is imperialism?
A policy of extending rule over peoples and countries for political and economic access and control.
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What does influence mean?
The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something.
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What is international aid?
Any form of needed assistance by one country or multilateral institution to another.
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What is an international loan?
A loan made by a country or global group to another country.
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What are manufactured goods?
Goods produced mainly by applying labor and capital to raw materials and other intermediate inputs.
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What are migration controls?
Measures implemented by a government to regulate the flow of people across its borders.
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What is a multi-governmental organization?
An entity formed by multiple sovereign states that collaborate on common interests and governance.
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What are narcotics?
Opiates or opioids, often used imprecisely to mean illicit drugs.
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What are natural resources?
Stocks of materials that are scarce and economically useful in production or consumption.
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What is the NDB?
The New Development Bank (NDB) is a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states.
78
What is the OECD?
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental economic organization with 38 member countries.
79
What is OPEC?
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is an intergovernmental organization or cartel of 13 countries.
80
What is outsourcing?
The process of subcontracting part of a firm's business to another company to save money.
81
What is a pattern in geography?
Spatial arrangement across geographical space.
82
What is protectionism?
Government policies that restrict international trade to help domestic industries.
83
What are quotas?
Government-imposed trade restrictions that limit the number or value of goods a country can import or export.
84
What are remittances?
The transfer of money and/or goods by foreign workers to their home country.
85
What are services?
A transaction in which no physical goods are transferred from the seller to the buyer.
86
What is the services sector?
The production of services instead of end products, including attention, advice, access, and experience.
87
What is a superpower?
A nation or group of nations with a leading position in international politics.
88
What is a supply chain?
A network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product.
89
What are tariffs?
A tax imposed by a government on imports or exports of goods, used to regulate foreign trade.
90
What is a TEU?
The twenty-foot equivalent unit, a unit of cargo capacity based on a 20-foot-long intermodal container.
91
What is a trade bloc?
An intergovernmental agreement where barriers to trade are reduced or eliminated among participating states.
92
What is a trade war?
When one country retaliates against another by raising import tariffs or placing restrictions on imports.
93
What are trafficked people?
Individuals illegally transported, recruited, or harbored for exploitation.
94
What is a transnational corporation (TNC)?
A firm that owns or controls productive operations in more than one country through foreign direct investment.
95
What is a trend in geography?
Change over time.
96
What is an undersea communications cable?
A cable laid on the sea bed to carry telecommunication signals across stretches of ocean.
97
(Cultural) homogenization
An aspect of cultural globalization, listed as one of its main characteristics, and refers to the reduction in cultural diversity through the popularization and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols - not only physical objects but customs, ideas and values.
98
Affirmative action
Refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to include particular groups based on their gender, race, sexuality, creed or nationality in areas in which they are underrepresented such as education and employment.
99
Censorship
The suppression of speech, public communication, or other information.
100
Chinatown
An ethnic enclave of Chinese people located outside mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore or Taiwan, most often in an urban setting. Areas known as "Chinatown" exist throughout the world, including Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Africa and Australasia.
101
Civil society
The aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens.
102
Composite index
A mathematical combinations (or aggregations) of a set of indicators.
103
Corporate social responsibility
A self-regulatory business model practiced by large and small companies. The concept allows businesses to be socially accountable to their stakeholders and the public. By adopting clear CSR strategies, companies accept responsibility for their impact on society – including all economic, social, and environmental aspects.
104
Cultural diversity
The quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture, the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural evolution.
105
Cultural hybridity
A concept that describes the blending of different cultural traits and practices to form new and unique cultural expressions. It acknowledges that cultures are not static entities but are constantly evolving and adapting in response to interactions with other cultures.
106
Cultural imperialism
The practice of promoting the culture, values or language of one nation in another, less powerful one.
107
Cultural trait
A single identifiable material or non-material element within a culture.
108
Development gap
The widening difference in levels of development between the world's richest and poorest countries.
109
Diasporas
A scattered population whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale. Historically, the word diaspora was used to refer to the mass dispersion of a population from its indigenous territories. Whilst the word was originally used to describe the forced displacement of certain peoples, "diasporas" is now generally used to describe those who identify with a geographic location, but now reside elsewhere.
110
Empower
Make (someone) stronger and more confident, especially in controlling their life and claiming their rights.
111
Fairtrade
A system of certification that aims to ensure a set of standards are met in the production and supply of a product or ingredient. For farmers and workers, Fairtrade means workers rights, safer working conditions and fairer pay. For shoppers it means high quality, ethically produced products.
112
Franchise
A type of license that grants a franchisee access to a franchisor's proprietary business knowledge, processes, and trademarks, thus allowing the franchisee to sell a product or service under the franchisor's business name. In exchange for acquiring a franchise, the franchisee usually pays the franchisor an initial start-up fee and annual licensing fees.
113
Gender Inequality Index
Created by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), it measures the disparity between men and women across three key dimensions of human development. These are reproductive health, empowerment, and economic status.
114
Geopolitical
Focuses on political power linked to geographic space. At the level of international relations, geopolitics is a method of studying foreign policy to understand, explain, and predict international political behaviour through geographical variables. These include area studies, climate, topography, demography and natural resources.
115
Globalization
the growing interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology†[IMF]
116
Glocalization
A term invented in order to emphasize that the globalization of a product is more likely to succeed when the product or service is adapted to the specific locality or culture in which it is marketed.
117
Human development
A multi-dimensional process that focuses on improving the quality of life for a country's inhabitants. It encompasses more than just economic progress, and includes social and political criteria as well.
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