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ur mom > GEOGRAPHY EXAM KEY TERMS > Flashcards

GEOGRAPHY EXAM KEY TERMS Flashcards

1
Q

What is demography?

A

The study of human populations

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2
Q

What is Birth rate?

A

The number of births in a population per 1000 people per year

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3
Q

What is Death rate?

A

The number of deaths in a population per 1000 people

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4
Q

What is natural increase rate?

A

The difference between the birth rate and the death rate per year

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5
Q

What is an immigrant?

A

A person who moves to one country from another country

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6
Q

What is an emigrant?

A

A person who leaves one country to move to another

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7
Q

What is Immigration rate?

A

The number of immigrants moving to a country per year per 1000 people

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8
Q

What is emigration rate?

A

The number of emigrants moving from a country per year per 1000 people

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9
Q

What is net migration rate?

A

The immigration rate minus the emigration rate

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10
Q

What is population growth rate?

A

The natural increase rate plus the net migration rate

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11
Q

What is the doubling time?

A

The length of time for a country’s population to double at a particular population growth rate (note: you apply the rule of 70 to estimate the doubling time)

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12
Q

Whats a push factor?

A

A reason that encourages people to move away from their country

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13
Q

Whats a pull factor

A

A reason that makes a particular country seem attractive to potential immigrants

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14
Q

Whats a refugee?

A

Someone who moves to another country because of fear of cruel or inhumane treatment (even death) in her or his home country as a result of race, religion, sexual orientation, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group

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15
Q

Whats a population pyramid?

A

A type of graph that shows population distribution by age and gender

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16
Q

What is a dependency load?

A

The percentage of the population that is not working. It is conventionally defined as including people younger than age 15 and older than age 65

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17
Q

What is demographic momentum?

A

the tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

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18
Q

What is demographic trap?

A

When there is high fertility and declining mortality resulting in population growth rate and the country is unable to provide for the big population leading to a trap

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19
Q

What’s the global water availability?

A

3% of the bodies of water on Earth and some of them are locked up in glaciers

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20
Q

What does ecological footprint mean?

A

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

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21
Q

What is waste disposal?

A

the collection, sorting, transport and treatment of waste as well as its storage and tipping above or under ground

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22
Q

What is Planned obsolescence?

A

happens when manufacturers design products to have an artificially shortened life.

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23
Q

What is Perceived obsolescence?

A

when consumers believe a product is no longer useful or no longer holds value, so they purchase the newer model or upgrade that product.

24
Q

What is Sustainability?

A

the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level.

25
Q

What is Natural resource extraction?

A

The extraction of resources refers to the withdrawing of materials from the environment for human use, including fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal), rocks and minerals, biomass via deforestation and fishing and hunting, and water.

26
Q

Materials economy?

A

It is a system that starts with the extraction of raw materials from the ground and their processing into usable materials.

27
Q

List the order of the stages of the materials economy

A
  1. Extraction
  2. Production
  3. Distribution
    4.Consumption
    5.Disposal
28
Q

What does Cradle to grave mean?

A

considering the entire lifespan or life cycle of something, from its beginning to its end. It involves looking at all stages and aspects of a particular entity or process, from creation to disposal or demise.

29
Q

What does Cradle to cradle mean?

A

is an approach that aims to create products and systems that can be endlessly recycled or reused without losing their value, while also promoting environmental and human health benefits throughout their entire life cycle.

30
Q

Order the layers of the Earth from inside to outside

A
  1. Inner core
  2. Outer core
    3.Mantle
    4.Asthenosphere
    5.Lithosphere
    6.Oceanic Crust
    7.Continental Crust
31
Q

What is Conversion Collision and what does it create?

A

When 2 plate boundaries moves toward each other
-Earthquakes

32
Q

What is Conversion Subduction and what does it create?

A

When 1 platte boundary goes under the another
-Volcanoes

33
Q

What is Divergent and what does it create?

A

When 2 plates move apart form each other
-Ocean Ridges
-New oceanic crust(land)

34
Q

What is transform and what does it create?

A

When 2 plate boundaries pass by each other
-faults
-small earthquakes

35
Q

Where do Earthquakes occur and how do we measure them or predict them?

A

where jigsaw pieces meet
Seismometer, richter scale, you cant predict earthquakes

36
Q

Where do Volcanoes occur and how do we measure them or predict them?

A

Ring of fire, where land and water meet

37
Q

How do glaciers form?

A
  1. Snow Accumulation:
  2. Compaction and Recrystallization
    3.Glacier Movement

when snow accumulates over time, turns to ice, and begins to flow outwards and downwards under the pressure of its own weight.

38
Q

What is LOWERN?

A
  1. Latitude
  2. Ocean currents
  3. Wind
  4. Elevation
    5.Relief
    6.Near water
39
Q

What does Latitude tell us about a climate?

A

As you move away from the equator towards higher latitudes, temperatures generally decrease, and distinct seasons become more pronounced.

40
Q

What does Ocean Currents tell us about a climate?

A

Warm currents warm the air above the water causing a warmer, wetter climate even at higher latitudes

Cold currents lead to cold climates due to the fact that cold air cannot hold asa much water asa warm air can

41
Q

What does elevation tell us about a climate?

A

The higher the elevation of a place, the cooler its temperature tends to be.

42
Q

What does relief tell us about a climate?

A

As air is forced to rise it expands and becomes less dense and cooler, leading to precipitation (WINDWARD)

As air descends on the other side of the mountain(LEEWARD SIDE) it will become drier and the temperature will increase

43
Q

What does near water tell us about a climate?

A

Water bodies provide a source of moisture and heat for the land

In the summer, water acts like an air conditioner to keep air temperature cool

In the winter water acts like a heater to keep the temperatures from getting too cold

44
Q

What are igneous rocks? (intrusive + extrusive)

A

Rock that forms when magma or lava cools.
-The worlds first rocks were igneous
-All rocks came from igneous rocks
-cools deep within the earth
-cools slowly due to warm temperature (no cold temperature)

Intrusive Igneous rocks are igneous rocks that formed beneath the Earth’s surface

Extrusive Igneous rocks are igneous rocks that dont have crystals in them because there was not enough time for them to form

45
Q

What are Sedimentary rocks?

A

Rocks that formed due to compaction of sediments of igneous rocks

46
Q

What are metamorphic rocks?

A

Rocks that are formed when igneous or sedimentary rocks are subjected to heat, pressure, and certain fluids

47
Q

What is the first stage of a demographic transition model and what are its characteristics?

A

High stationary

Birth rate: High
Death rate: High
Natural Increase: Stable or slow increase

Reasons of changes in birth rate:Many children needed for farming. Many children die at early age. Religious/social encouragement. No family planning

Reasons of change in death rate: Disease, famine, poor medical knowledge, many children die

48
Q

Q
What is the second stage of a demographic transition model and what are its characteristics?

A

Early Expanding

Birth rate: High
Death rate: Falls rapidly
Natural Increase: Rapid Increase

Reasons of changes in birth rate: Many children needed for farming. Many children die at early age.

Reasons of change in death rate: Improvements in medical care, water supply, and sanitation, fewer children die

49
Q

What is the third stage of a demographic transition model and what are its characteristics?

A

Late Expanding

Birth rate: Falling
Death rate: Falls more slowly
Natural Increase: increase slows down

Reasons of changes in birth rate: Improved medical care and diet, and fewer children are needed

Reasons of change in death rate:
Improvements in medical care, water supply, and sanitation, fewer children die

50
Q

What is the fourth stage of a demographic transition model and what are its characteristics?

A

Low stationary

Birth rate: Low
Death rate: Low
Natural Increase: stable or slow increase

Reasons of changes in birth rate: Family planning, good health, improving status of women, later marriages

Reasons of change in death rate: good health care reliable food

51
Q

What is the fifth stage of a demographic transition model and what are its characteristics?

A

Declining

Birth rate: Very low
Death rate: low
Natural Increase: slow decrease

Reasons of changes in birth rate: Family planning, good health, improving status of women, later marriages

Reasons of change in death rate: good health care reliable food

52
Q

Explain an EXPANSIVE PYRAMID…

A

-broad base
-triangular shaped
-high population of children
-low population of elders
-low life expectancy
-limited access to healthcare and education

high birth rates
high death rates

53
Q

Explain an STATIONARY PYRAMID…

A

-rectangular shaped
-similar population sizes across various ages

stable birth rates
sable death rates

54
Q

Explain an CONSTRICTIVE PYRAMID…

A

-relatively higher older population
-narrow base

low birth rates
lower death rates

55
Q

What is erosion?

A

erosion is the carrying of weathered material through water and wind and other natural resources

56
Q

What is deposition

A

deposition is the dropping of the weathered material.

57
Q

What is weathering?

A

Weathering describes the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of the Earth.

ur mom (3 decks)

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