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Geography Forgotten Knowledge Paper 1 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Oceanic crust is…

A

Thicker, denser than continental

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2
Q

What movement causes plate movement

A

Convection currents

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3
Q

Destructive margin

A

The subducting one, causes earthquakes volcanoes and fold mountains

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4
Q

Collision boundary

A

2 types of the same plate collide and push up, forms fold mountains and strong earthquakes

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5
Q

Conservative

A

Slide one

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6
Q

Constructive boundary can…

A

Produce minor earthquakes

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7
Q

Nepal earthquake primary effects?

A

9,000 killed, 20,000 injured.

3 million left homeless.

7000 schools destroyed

7.8

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8
Q

Nepal secondary effects?

A

Landslides blocked roads and rivers

Diseases like cholera spread due to lack of clean water

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9
Q

Nepal immediate responses?

A

Field hospitals set up

Half a million tents

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10
Q

Nepal long term responses

A

Stricter building codes

Mount Everest base camp repaired

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11
Q

Chile earthquake primary effects

A

8.8 magnitude

500 killed, 12,000 injured

Santiago airport was destroyed

Cost of damage: 30 billion dollars

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Chile secondary effects

A

Tsunami trigged which destroyed Constitución town

Landslides blocked 1500km of roads, cut off remote areas

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14
Q

Chile immediate responses

A

Power and water restored to 90% of homes within 10 days

30,000 emergency shelters built

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15
Q

Long term responses

A

Government launched housing reconstruction for 200,000 homes

Strong economy meant it did not need much foreign aid

It took only 4 years to recover

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16
Q

Benefits for living in tectonic areas?

A

Mining, geothermal energy, tourism

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17
Q

Monitoring of volcanoes?

A

Remote sensing: satellites detect heat increase, a sign of eruption

Gas sensors: detect increase in sulphur which is a sign of eruption

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18
Q

Monitoring of earthquakes

A

Impossible to predict but seismometers detect movement and foreshocks

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19
Q

Protection strategies for volcanoes

A

Exclusion zones reduce risk, strengthening of roofs to support falling ash

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20
Q

Planning for both

A

Hazard mapping, risk assessment, stockpile of emergency supplies

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21
Q

Key word to describe heat at the equator and polar regions?

A

Less concentrated at polar/more concentrated at equator.

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22
Q

Study the graph of the global atmospheric circulation model

A

https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=1920/https://cdn.savemyexams.com/uploads/2022/12/global-atmospheric-circulation.png

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23
Q

Explain why circulation model leads to tropical storms

A

Warm most air rises at equator, low pressure between 2 Hadley cells. Generates thunderstorms and strong winds .

This is because dry air descends creating high pressure, winds rush to low pressure at equator making winds.

Coriolis effect spins air

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24
Q

Describe the formation of a tropical storm

A

Form between 5 and 30 degrees N and S.

Rising air draws moist warm air generating strong winds. Air cools into cumulonimbus clouds. Calm dry area at centre. Strongest winds at eye wall

Tropical storm at 119kmph

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25
Tell me the typhoon haiyan basics
Category 5, struck Tacloban
26
Primary effects typhoon haiyan
6,300 people killed 600- displaced 40,000 homes destroyed
27
Secondary effects typhoon haiyan
Looting and violence in Tacloban outbreaks of disease (dysentery and cholera) due to no clean water
28
Immediate responses typhoon haiyan
1,200 evacuation centres set up Rescue operations my military helicopters and boats Red Cross delivered food e,g rice
29
Long term responses
Cash for work to repair city Of am replaced fishing boats 300 million dollars of aid
30
Beast from the East primary background
When the stratosphere suddenly warmed Causing cold air from Russia to flood over Europe
31
Beast from the East primary effects
17 deaths
32
Beast of the east secondary effects
Major roads and railways were blocked by snow, hundreds were stranded. Thousands of homes experienced power cuts use to infrastructure damage
33
Short term responses of beast of the east
Emergency services mobilised to deliver supplies to communities School and road closures - thousands of schools were closed. Weather: red warnings for snow.
34
Long term responses
Transport infrastructure upgraded to increase availability of snow-clearing equipment Uk Met Office improved sever weather warnings so they are more accurate and timings are better, emergency services can respond faster
35
36
Describe 2 international agreements
Kyoto protocol 1997 - 150 delegates/ countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels below we 1990. USA didn’t agree Paris Agreement 2015 Global agreement to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius above pre industrial levels. Reduce CO2 emissions by 60% before 2050
37
Other mitigation strategies pros and cons?
carbon capture - too expensive and no viable. Afforestation
38
Name one adaptation strategy
Construction of sea walls in Maldives + artificial islands 3m high
39
Study the nutrient cycle diagram
https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=1920/https://cdn.savemyexams.com/uploads/2022/10/trf-nutrient-cycle.png
40
Adaptations of some plants and animals in the rainforest?
Buttress roots very large to support trees to grow tall, above ground as root below are shallow Lianas - vines use trees Toucan - large bill to reach and cut fruit from branches and crack nuts open Stick insects - stick and leave shapes camouflage them Keystone species
41
Malaysia case study
Fastest rate of deforestation in the world, 140000 ha cleared each year 70 % of land is covered by TR
42
Malaysia causes
Logging - largest exporter of tropical hardwoods, selective loggings used but this causes road construction and settlements Energy - Bakun Dam will flood 700km2 land Mining - tin mines throughout Subsistence farming - sometimes involves slash and burn which gets out of control
43
Deforestation effects
Soil erosion by wind was tree roots bind soil Oil palm plantations have liked to a 35 percent reduction in species
44
Strategies for deforestation
UN forum on forests established in 2000 - manages conserves forests + sustainable development In 2004, Brazil launched satellites to take pictures of illegal loggers for rangers. 68 national parks in Brazil
45
Svalbard case study
Archipelago in artic ocean Coal mining provides 00 jobs Tourism - 70,000 annual visits Fishing - 150 species of fish that are high quality Scientific research - UNIS uni in Svalbard supports glaciologists, biology and geology research. For climate change effects
46
Challenges of development in Svalbard
Temps in winter - -30 degrees C. Machinery freezes, construction only occurs in summer Water, sanitation and waste insulated or raised to not heat permanently frost. Permafrost becomes unstable if it thaws, so buildings built on stilts
47
Attempts to mitigate damage in Svalbard and in cold environments
Norway and Russia m,manage fishing with quotas and rules to prevent overfishing Antarctica ; visitor quotas of 100 and no more at one time No military or nuclear activities WWF pressure governments for sustainable management/lobby They do independent research to release to public
48
49
Study the map of Uk
https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=1920/https://cdn.savemyexams.com/uploads/2022/12/uk-landscape-1.png
50
Define coast
The meeting point between land and sea
51
Factors of strength of wave
Fetch (distance the wind blows over sea) Amount of time wind blows Strength of the wind
52
Define weathering
The breakdown of rock in situ
53
Types of weathering
Chemical, acidic rainwater, limestone Mechanical, water Biological, things grow in cracks push open them
54
Study the diagram of mass movements
https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=1920/https://cdn.savemyexams.com/uploads/2022/06/types-of-mass-movement.png
55
Formation of sand dunes
An object/ obstruction e.g driftwood catches sand particles, process of colonisation by pioneer species is called succession.
56
Evolution of sand dunes
Embryo - pioneer species e.g Lyme grass. High ph levels, fragile Fore dunes - marram grass grows, stabilises dunes with roots, organic matter becomes more hospitable/ hummus. Maximum height 5m Yellow dunes - new flowering plants can form, 8m Grey dunes - very stable, soil acidity and water increases, 8-10m and bushes and shrubs Mature dunes - oldest and most stable
57
Hooked ends form when…
Change of wind direction
58
A bar is
When a spit grows across bay and joins 2 headlands, creates a lagoon
59
Lyme Regis case study
On Dorset coast, part of Jurassic coast ( UNESCO world heritage site)
60
Why management was needed for Lyme Regis
Coastline made of soft clay + limestone, prone to landslides + erosion Coastal retreat threatened tourism. Cliff collapse due to storms, property at risk
61
Phases -of Lyme Regis
Phase 1 (completed 1995): Rock armour placed at bases of cliffs Drainage improved to reduce landslide risk Phase 2 (completed 2007) New sea wall + rock armour on eastern seafront. 90,000 tonnes of sand added to beach. Costed 22 million Phase 3 (not completed) Proposed improvement to west Lyme Regis dropped due to cost
62
Outcomes and effects of Lyme Regis
Beach is bigger Property values increased Reduced risk of landslides + erosions Coastal processes have been disrupted, causing erosion at charmouth Costed 30 mill;ion pounds and more in maintainence fees
63
64
Vertical profile of river gets
Less high as you go down the course
65
Cross profiles?
Steep in upper course and flat in lower course. Velocity is low in upper course and high in lower course
66
Waterfalls and gorges
Soft rock under hard rock. Hydraulic abrasion main erosion. Soft rock erodes faster undercuts hard rock creates plunge pool and overhang
67
V- shaped valleys
In the upper course, erosion downwards, deepens river channel Creates interlocking spurts
68
Factors of flooding
Deforestation - less infiltration and interception. Agriculture- compacts soil Urbanisation Relief, prolonged rainfall , vegetation
69
Factors of flood prediction
Peak rainfall, rising limb, peak discharge, lag time, recessional time
70
Negatives of river engineering
Dams - low of farmland/ relocations Embankments - expensive and unattractive Straightening channels - increases flood risk downstream and expensive Flood relief channels - expensive and needs regular maintenance
71
Soft river engineering strategies
Afforestation, floodplain zoning (high risk areas not built upon) (low cost, conserves wetlands, restricts areas for economic use) Flood warnings - help evacuation and less expensive but monitoring equipment needs constant maintenance.
72
Jubilee river flood relief channels
Protects affluent towns like Windsor, Eton and west London Costed 110 million pounds 11.7km
73
Why was it needed + social impacts
Densely populated, high value property + m4 3,000 properties protected but doesntream towns e.g wraysbury suffer who prise floods
74
Economic impacts + environmental impact
Expensive repairs needed in 2014 to weirs Habitats made for birds, algae and eutrophication due to stagnant water Riverbank erosion in some parts of

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