Geography - Midterm Review Flashcards
1
Q
Region defined by people’s feelings and attitudes
A
Perceptual region
2
Q
One half of the earth
A
Hemisphere
3
Q
Location of a place compared to other places
A
Relative location
4
Q
A place’s physical and human characteristics
A
Character of a place
5
Q
The position of a place on the globe
A
Absolute location
6
Q
The 5 themes of geography
A
(Mr. Help) Movement Region Human-Environment interaction Location Place
7
Q
Some tools that geographers use
A
GIS
Geographic concepts
Satellites
8
Q
Some parts of geography
A
(Earth or things/past things/changes on earth)
Examining the earth’s landforms
Studying the cultures of the world’s people
Exploring how people and the environment interact
9
Q
Example of a perceptual region
A
Upper midwest US
Not cities, states, countries, just areas/regions
10
Q
Example of bad human-environment interaction
A
Deforestation
11
Q
The ___ is the outer layer of the earth that has a rocky surface
A
Crust
12
Q
Windblown deposits of mineral-rich dust and silt are called ___
A
Loess
13
Q
A ___ region is defined by people’s feelings and attitudes
A
Perceptual/Vernacular
14
Q
Half of the globe is called a ___
A
Hemisphere
15
Q
The layer of air, water, and other substances above the surface is the ___
A
Atmosphere
16
Q
The thick rock layer around the earth’s core is the ___
A
Mantle
17
Q
The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest point of a landform is its ___
A
Relief
18
Q
A ___ is a huge, slow-moving sheet of ice
A
Glacier
19
Q
Over time, the effects of ___ can reduce a mountain to gravel
A
Weathering
20
Q
The movement of weathered material such as gravel, soil, and sand is called ___
A
Erosion
21
Q
The ___ consists of water in oceans, lakes, rivers, and even underground
A
Hydrosphere
22
Q
Many caves are formed by ___ weathering
A
Chemical
23
Q
The theory of ___ says that the earth’s outer shell is not solid rock
A
Plate tectonics
24
Q
Soil, rocks, landforms, and other surface features make up the ___
A
Lithosphere
25
A ___ region includes one central place and the surrounding areas affected by it
Functional
26
When geographers observe moraines - ridgelike piles of rock and debris - they conclude that ___
A glacier once covered the area
27
Lava vs Magma
Molten rock is called lava when it is on the earth's surface and magma when it is beneath the surface
28
Similar climates, vegetation, or landforms can be used to divide the earth into ___ region
Formal
29
Use for sonar
Map a section of the ocean floor
30
An INTERNAL force that helps create new landforms is ___
Volcanism
31
To classify a landform as a mountain, what does a geographer consider?
How far it rises above the surrounding land
32
Landforms are commonly classified according to differences in ___
Relief
33
The conquest of Mexico by the Spanish best illustrates which geographic theme?
Movement
34
The building of dams and canals to irrigate desert regions is an example of which geographic theme?
Human-Environment interaction
35
Converting land used for farming into land used for a housing development is an example of which geographic theme?
Human-Environment interaction
36
Longitude is measured in degrees east or west of the ___
Prime Meridian
37
What are some things that are used to determine absolute location
Equator, Prime Meridian, latitude, longitude
38
The movement about which geographers talk usually refers to ___
The movement of people, goods, and ideas
39
Use for GPS
???
40
Most common example of mechanical weathering
Water freezes in a crack in a rock
41
The greatest agent of erosion
Running water
42
The largest canyons and deepest valleys were created by ___
Moving water
43
Theory of plate tectonics states that ___
Crust is made up of large moving slabs of rock that slide slowly over a layer of the mantle
44
The force that probably propels the movement of the earth's gigantic tectonic plates
Convection
45
Most common example of mechanical weathering
Frozen water
| Frost/Ice wedging
46
Which type of region categorization emphasizes the relationship between core and peripheral areas?
Functional region
47
Mathematical calculations using longitude and latitude allow us to determine ___
Absolute location
48
The geographer who first calculated the earth's circumference with relative accuracy
Ptolemy
49
The art and science of map making
Cartography
50
Examples of physical site characteristics
Type of soil, amount of rainfall, elevation
51
Know how to find a location on a map using coordinates
.
52
Water that falls directly to the earth's surface
Precipitation
53
Day on which the sun is directly overhead at the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer
Solstice
54
One orbit around the sun
Revolution
| Takes a year
55
Weather patterns of an area over a long period of time
Climate
56
Day on which the sun is directly overhead at the equator
Equinox
57
Climate is a term that describes ___
Weather patterns
58
The sun's heat is distributed throughout the world by ___
Convection
59
Winds blow in curved lines because of ___
The Coriolis Effect
60
The earth's precipitation occurs as convectional, orographic, or ___
Frontal
61
The sun's heat is prevented from escaping back into space too quickly by the earth's ___
Atmosphere
62
Grassland
Prairie
63
Tundra vegetation
Lichen
64
Mid-latitude forest tree
Deciduous
| Maple
65
Coniferous forest tree
Pine
66
Example of a biome
Desert, tundra, boreal forest, tropical rainforest, temperate forest, scrubland, prairie, savannah
67
A biome is a ___
Major type of ecosystem
68
A characteristic of deciduous trees is ___
Broad leaves (not needles), grow in warmer climates, shed leaves in winter
69
Savannas are ___
Tropical grasslands
70
Adaptations that allow plants to grow in a desert environment include ___
Storage of water in thick stems, small leaves that release little water, protection against animals, seeds that can survive long periods of time before arriving in a suitable growing condition
71
The biome with the most diverse plant and animal life is the ___
Tropical rain forest
72
Economic system based on the state making all economic decisions
???
73
Person who leaves a country to live elsewhere
Emigrant
74
Beliefs and actions that define a group of people's way of life
Culture
75
Type of government in which the leaders hold almost all of the political power
Authoritarian
76
Growth of city populations
Urbanization
77
Type of government in which rulers often gain and keep power by military force
Dictatorship
78
Area where cultural ideas begin and from which they spread
Cultural hearth
79
Person who moves into a country
Immigrant
80
Political system in which a central government makes laws for an entire nation
Unitary system
81
Number of live births each year per 1,000 people
Birthrate
82
Average number of people in a square mile or a square kilometer
Population density
83
Process by which cultural traits move from one culture to another
Diffusion
84
The restriction of a culture from outside influences
Cultural divergence
85
Countryside
Rural
86
A country's freedom from outside control
Sovereignty
87
Authoritarian government in which people inherit their positions
Monarchy
88
Political system in which power is shared by the national government and smaller political units
Federation
89
Economic system in which means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit
Market economy
90
Type of government in which the people choose their leaders and determine government policy
Democracy
91
Process of adapting traits from other cultures
Cultural convergence
92
Trees that shed their leaves when winter approaches are called ___
Deciduous
93
___ is the condition of the bottom layer of the earth's atmosphere in one place over a short period of time
Weather
94
___ refers to an area's temperature and level of precipitation over a long period of time
Climate
95
___ are meat-eating animals
Carnivores
96
The earth's spinning on its axis is called ___
Rotation
97
A layer of soil just below the surface of the tundra is known as ___
Permafrost
98
Day and night are nearly the same length at a ___
Equinox
99
A ___ is an air mass
Front
100
Low scrubby trees that grow in Mediterranean climates mark ___
Chaparral
101
___ are temperate grasslands
Prairies
102
The interaction of plant life, animal life, and the physical environment in which they live is a ___
Ecosystem
103
Most areas with ___ have cold, snowy winters and warm or hot summers
Continental climates
104
Tropical grasslands are called ___
Savannas
105
The water that falls to earth from the atmosphere is called ___
Precipitation
106
The spring and fall ___ mark the days when the sun appears directly over the Equator
Equinoxes
107
A tropical rain forest is one type of ___
Biome
108
___ trees carry their seeds in cones
Coniferous
109
Temperatures are always cold in ___ regions
Tundra
110
___ are plant-eating animals
Herbivores
111
Some statements about weather / climate
Ocean waters help to distribute the sun's heat.
Precipitation depends on air temperature and winds.
Coastal areas usually have milder climates than do areas at the same latitude inland
112
Example of cultural convergence
Because the United States was once a British colony, English is the language spoken by the majority of its inhabitants
113
Statements about authoritarian government
Totalitarianism is the most extreme form of authoritarianism government.
In a dictatorship, power is concentrated in a small group or a single person.
Until modern times, mot countries were ruled by some form of authoritarianism government.
114
Compared with deciduous forests, coniferous forests ___
Tend to be found in the colder parts of the middle latitudes
115
Statements about traditional economies
Most goods produced are consumed by the people who produce them or within a small geographic area.
They are most common in rural parts of less developed nations.
They generally produce little surplus goods.
116
Examples of diffusion
Bringing movies made in the United States to a worldwide audience.
The introduction of horses to the Americas by the Spanish.
The spread of Christianity from Europe to the Americas.
117
Stimulus diffusion
???
118
Relocation diffusion
???
119
Contagious diffusion
???
120
Hierarchical diffusion
???
121
Top layer of a rain forest
Canopy
122
Total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year, divided by the country's total population
GDP per capita
123
Large commercial farm owned by an individual or a company
Latifundios
124
Person of mixed European and Native American industry
Mestizo
125
Tropical storm with winds of at least 74 miles per hour
Hurricane
126
Decisions about the production and price of goods are determined by supply and demand
Market economy
127
When families produce goods for their own use with little surplus to buy or sell goods
Traditional economy
128
Military rulers in Latin America
Caudillos
129
Person of mixed African and European ancestry
Mulatto
130
Grassy plains in southeastern South America
Pampas
131
A landless, jobless peasant
Migrant worker
132
Factory in Mexico along the US border that produces items for export
Maquiladora
133
When the Native Indians, Europeans, and Africans created a distinct Latin American culture
Cultural convergence
134
Collectively-owned farmland
Ejidos
135
An island formed from the accumulation of coral
Cay
136
Storm with winds of at least 39 miles per hour
Tropical storm
137
Came to Latin America shortly after Columbus landed in the West Indies
Conquistadors
138
Skeletons of tiny sea animals
Coral
139
Warm ocean current that alters weather patterns
El Niño
140
Large Spanish-owned estate usually a farm or cattle ranch
Hacienda
141
Describe the population distribution in Mexico
The majority of the population lives in the plateau area that lies between the 2 major mountain ranges
142
A primary reason for the war of independence from Spain was ___
The unhappiness of the criollos at the privileges reserved only from the peninsulares
143
A direct result of NAFTA
Increase in manufacturing jobs in Mexico
144
What occurred in most Latin American countries once they gained independence
Economic and social systems remained largely unchanged
145
Name a change in Mexican society brought about by the Mexican Revolution
The number of haciendas decreased dramatically
146
Hurricane-prone areas in Latin America include countries that border ___
The Caribbean Sea
The Gulf of Mexico
The Atlantic Ocean
(Not the Pacific)
147
Location of large centers of population in Latin America
Most border oceans
148
Which Latin American country is named after the person who helped to win its independence
Bolivia
149
Accurate statement about the Amazon rain forest
Only small plants grow on the rain forests floor because the canopy blocks the sunlight.
Rainfall varies depending on the season.
150
A basic difference between the democratic republic of Mexico and that of the United States is that in Mexico, ___
One political party held power for decades
151
Statements about haciendas
The Indian laborers often levied under slavelike conditions.
They were usually large forms or cattle ranches.
They were given to the conquistadors by the Spanish king as rewards for their service.
152
Mexico's Baja Peninsula can be described as ___
A mountainous desert
153
Latifundios are more likely than ejidos to ___
Employ migrant workers.
Export produce to the US.
Raise cash crops.
154
Key to the Spanish conquest of Mexico in the 1500's was that the Spanish ___
Formed alliances with the enemies of the Aztec
155
El Niño causes ___
Droughts and floods around the world
156
Which countries' landscapes are dominated by the Andes?
Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile
157
True or False?
| Scotland and Wales both have highland and lowland regions
True
158
True or False?
| Bogs are common in the moors of the Scottish highlands
True
159
True or False?
| Most people in Scotland live in the southern Uplands
False
160
True or False?
| The climate of Wales is rainier than that of southern England
True
161
True or False?
| Glasgow, once a huge shipbuilding center, is located in the central Lowlands of Scotland
True
162
The economy of Scotland can be described as ___
Troubled, but slowly improving
163
An important aspect of cultural identity in Wales is ___
A separate language
164
What is one way that Scotland maintains its own culture?
Its main religion
165
Coal mining and steel making declined in Wales because ___
The industries did not implement modern technologies
166
Scotland and Wales are similar in their ___
Economic history
167
Common currency of the European Union
Euro
168
Rocky material that contains a valuable mineral such as iron
Ore
169
Low flooded area at the wide mouth of a river
Estuary
170
Service industry
Tertiary economic activity
171
Able to produce crops
Fertile
172
England's climate can be described as ___
Cool and moist
173
What helped England to become an industrial and commercial power?
Natural deposits of coal and iron
174
The most densely populated region of England is ___
The Midlands
175
The Industrial Revolution in England ___
Brought wealth to Britain
176
The Lowlands can be described as an area of ___
Gently rolling land and fertile soil
177
Leeward
Side facing away from wind
178
Coral island
Island made of coral, the skeletons of dead sea animals
179
Capoeira
Martial arts in the form of dance, originally practiced by slaves
180
Affirmative action
Requirements set that help give equality to minorities
181
Isthmus
A narrow strip of land with water on either side that connects 2 larger landmasses
182
Regatão
A river merchant
183
Guerrilla
Soldiers that aren't a part of the official army
184
Gasohol
Type of fuel made up of gas + ethanol. Ethanol is an alcohol made of sugar cane
185
Windward
Side facing the wind
186
Ecotourism
Tourism that helps raise awareness about the environment
187
Sertão
A dry, infertile interior plateau in Brazil. People that live there are poor + malnourished
188
Favela
Slums found in Brazilian cities
189
Miscegenation
The mixing of the races
190
Accurate statement about the southeast region of Brazil
The majority of the region's population lives in or near 2 cities
191
The majority of the people in Central America earn their living from ___
Farming
192
The islands of the Greater Antilles were created by ___
Tectonic activity that pushed up mountains from the ocean floor
193
What was crucial to the success of the development of Brasília?
A massive road-building project
194
Characteristics of the Amazon River Basin
A rich diversity of plants and animals.
Indian tribes who live a traditional lifestyle.
A year-round growing season.
195
In the mid-1950's, Brazil's capital was moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília because ___
The government wanted to draw people away from the coastal cities and develop the interior of the country
196
The main reason for high rates of migration among Caribbean islanders is ___
A lack of economic opportunity
197
Temperatures in the Caribbean are moderate because of the islands' ___
Nearness to water
198
The majority of people of African ancestry who live in Central America are the descendants of people who ___
Migrated from the Caribbean islands in the early 1900's
199
Compared with Central America, Caribbean culture is more influenced by which ethnic groups?
African
200
Factors that have been responsible for the armed conflicts troubling Central America for much of its history
An unequal distribution of farmland.
Governments that serve the interests of the wealthy.
A lack of available farmland.
201
The basic landform pattern of Central America consists of ___
A core of mountains, with lowlands along the Caribbean and plains on the Pacific coast
202
After clearing the rain forest for farming, many settlers have discovered that rain forest soil ___
Becomes quickly exhausted by constant rains and planting
203
Statement about the sugar plantations of the northeast region of Brazil
The success of this crop contributed to the country's reliance on gasohol
204
Statements about Central America's population
Central American Indians make up more than 1/2 of the population in Guatemala.
90% of the people living in Costa Rica are of European - mostly Spanish - descent.
Mestizos are a large part of El Salvador's population.
