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Flashcards in Geography Paper 1 Deck (53)
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1
Q

What are ocean currents?

A

Ocean currents are when cold salty water sinks at the poles. it then flows towards the equator and is warmed again creating a convection current.

2
Q

What are the differences between the pressure differences of land and sea? (temperature)

A

Land heats quickly in summer and cools quickly in winter. Air is heated above, becomes lighter and rises. Forms low pressure in the summer and high pressure in the winter.
Sea takes longer to heat and cool, so the air is dense and cool in the summer. Forms high pressure in summer and low pressure in winter

3
Q

What is the Inter-Tropical convergence zone?

A

The inter-tropical convergence zones occurs near the equator between the two hadley cells, where warm tropical air converges at the equator. The suns radiation is most intense at the equator causing warm tropical air to rise rapidly creating an area of low pressure that brings heavy rainfall. As the rising air moves away from the equator it loses its moisture and density, descending to form arid regions.

4
Q

What are the four theories that explain why climate has changed in the past?

A

The four theories that explain why the climate has changed in the past include:

  • Eruption Theory
  • Asteroid collision theory
  • Sunspot theory
  • Orbital change theory
5
Q

What is the eruption theory?

A

The eruption theory is that eruptions produce ash that rises into the stratosphere, reflecting some sunlight back into space and cooling the planet

6
Q

What is the asteroid collision theory?

A

Asteroid collision theory is the theory that euprtions produced ash that raised into the stratosphere, reflecting some sunlight back into space and cooling the planet

7
Q

What is the asteroid collision theory?

A

The asteroid collision theory is the theory that asteroids hit earth sending tonnes of ash and dust into the atmosphere, blocking sunlight and cooling the climate

8
Q

What is the sunspot theory?

A

The sunspot theory is the thory that lots of sunspots means more solar energy warming th eplanet

9
Q

What is the orbital change theory?

A

The orbital change theory is the theory that the earth’s orbit is sometimes more oval affecting the amount of radiation the earth receives, cooling the earth. Earth’s title also changes, a greater tilt makes the difference in the seasons more pronounced. less tilt, less difference in seasons.

10
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

The enhanced greenhouse effect is due to human activity worsening the greenhouse effect by producing excessive greenhouse gases

11
Q

How do ice cores present evidence of past climate change?

A

Counting the air bubbles that contain co2 in ice cores tell us there have been previous warm and cold periods

12
Q

How do tree rings present evidence of past climate change?

A

Each tree rin shows a year’s growth. In warmer and wetter years, a tree grows more rings

13
Q

How can we measure climate change?

A

We can measure climate change by measuring global temp, rising sea levels (thermal expansion - the increase in volume of sea water owing to heating), decreasing arctic sea ice, shrinking glaciers

14
Q

What are the consequences of climate change?

A

Consequences of climate change include more frequent flooding and droughts, stronger storms, changes to farming due to unreliable rainfall, climate refugees from people living in low-lying areas

15
Q

Why is it hard to predict future climate change?

A

Its hard to predict future climate change because we don’t know how populations and economies may grow, fossil fuel consumption versus renewable energy and people’s lifestyle choices

16
Q

What are the features of a tropical cyclone?

A

Features of a tropical cyclone include:

  • Rotating system of clouds and storms
  • Forms over tropical waters above 26.5 degrees
  • Winds that exceed 118 km/h
  • Known as a Hurricane (Atlantic ocean), Typhoon (Pacific ocean), Cyclone (Indian ocean)
17
Q

What are the conditions needed for cyclones to form?

A

Cyclones form due to warm oceans, strong winds that draw the warm air up rapidly from the ocean surface, a strong coriolis force created by the earth’s rotation

18
Q

What hazards to cyclones present to people?

A

Cyclones present strong winds, storm surfes, intense rainfall and landslides

19
Q

What makes an area more vulnerable to cyclones?

A

An area where much of its population is rural on low-lying flood-prone farmland and is in a poor country are more vulnerable to cylones

20
Q

How can a population be protected against a cyclone?

A

Forecasting, satellite technology, warning systems, evacuation strategies and surge defences protect countries such as Bangledesh from cyclones.

21
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The lithosphere is the uppermost layer and is split into the continental crust and the oceanic crust

22
Q

What is the mantle?

A

The mantle is divided into two layers - the asthenosphere which is a partly molten layer under lithosphere, and the lower mantle which is a solid

23
Q

What is the core?

A

The core is split into two layers, the outer liquid corner and the inner solid core (due to the intense pressure). They are both composed of iron and nickel

24
Q

What causes convection currents?

A

Convection currents are caused by the geothermal energy and move tectonic plants. The rising heat creates plumes which bring magma to the surface.

25
Q

What happens at a conservative plate boundary?

A

At a conservative plate boundary, plates slide past each other - friction between the plates causes earthquakes

26
Q

What happens at a divergent plate boundary?

A

At a divergent plate boundary, the plates move apart and magma rises to fill the gap - hot and runny magma made of basalt spreads to form shield volcanoes. Earthquakes also form

27
Q

What happens at a convergent plate boundary?

A

At a convergent plate boundary, the denser oceanic plate is subducted under the continental plate, the melting of the oceanic plate creates magma which is cooler and less fluid, so composite volcanoes form

28
Q

What scale is used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake?

A

The Richter scale measures earthquake magnitudes

29
Q

What were the impacts of hurricane Katrina? (category 4 storm in new Orleans in 2005)

A
  • Evacuation was ordered, but poor people remained
  • The levee defences were broken and the city was flooded
  • People sort refuge in the Superdome stadium, where conditions were unhygienic and there was a lack of food and water
  • 1 million people left homeless
  • 1200 drowned
30
Q

What were the responses to hurricane Katrina?

A

Responses to Hurricane Katrina were slow, but they received 50 billion dollars in aid, UK aid was sent and the National Guard maintained the law

31
Q

What were the economic impacts of Typhoon Haiyan? (Phillipines, Category 5, 2013, 313 km/h winds)

A

The overall economic impact of Typhoon Haiyan is estimated at $5.8 billion (£3.83 billion).
Six million workers lost their sources of income.
Major rice, corn and sugar-producing areas for the Philippines were destroyed affecting the country’s international trade and farmers’ incomes.
Fishing communities were severely affected with the storm destroying 30,000 boats and associated equipment.

32
Q

What were the social impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

More than 7,000 people were killed by Typhoon Haiyan.
1.9 million people were left homeless and more than 6,000,000 displaced.
There were outbreaks of disease due to the lack of sanitation, food, water, shelter, and medication.

33
Q

What were the environmental impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Widespread floods damaged and in many cases destroyed homes and businesses in coastal areas.
The Philippine government estimated that about 71,000 hectares of farmland was affected.
Thousands of trees were uprooted leading to a massive release of carbon dioxide and loss of habitat with resulting effects on wildlife.

34
Q

What were the responses of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

The UK government provided food, shelter, clean water, medicine and other supplies for up to 800,000 victims.

Several charities provided emergency aid such as water, food and shelter. In the longer term, they are helping people get their livelihoods back, for example by repairing fishing boats or distributing rice seeds.

The United Nations launched an international aid appeal in December 2013 for £480 million to finance the humanitarian relief effort for 2014.

35
Q

What were the primary impacts of the Haiti Earthquake? (2010, 7.0 magnitude, Haiti, Convergent plate boundary)

A
The primary impacts of the Haiti earthquake:
220,000 people were killed.
300,000 people were injured.
The main port was badly damaged.
Eight hospitals collapsed.
36
Q

Where were the secondary impacts of the Haiti earthquake?

A

The secondary impacts of the haiti earthquake:
2 million people were left without food and water.
Frequent power cuts occurred.
Crime increased - looting became a problem and sexual violence escalated.

37
Q

What were the primary impact of the Japan Earthquake? (Japan, 2011, 9.0 magnitude, convergent plate boundary)

A
  • 20 000 killed
  • 400 000 roads and buildings damaged
  • 4.4 million houses with no electricity
  • Nucleur power meltdown
38
Q

Where were the secondary impacts of the Japan earthquake?

A
  • Tsunami (above 40 metres high)
  • National disaster prevention day on September 1st
  • Rural areas isolated due to road blockages
  • 235 billion worth of damage
39
Q

What were the responses to the Japan earthquake?

A

The country recently unveiled a newly-installed, upgraded tsunami warning system.
Earthquake engineers examined the damage, looking for ways to construct buildings that are more resistant to quakes and tsunamis. Studies are ongoing.

40
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

Urbanisation is the rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas

41
Q

What are the causes of urban growth?

A

The causes of urban growth are rural-urban migration, and natural increase (higher birth rate than death rate)

42
Q

What is urban primacy?

A

Urban primacy means cities that have an importance and bigger influence on a country than what their size suggests

43
Q

What are the push factors of cities that cause counter-urbanisation?

A

Lack of jobs, lack of services, high crime rates, pollution, congestion, overcrowding are push factors

44
Q

What are pull factors that encourage urbanisation?

A

Job opportunities, lots os services, low crime rates, regeneration of brownfield sites and good economies are pull factors

45
Q

What are the three land uses in cities?

A

The three land uses in cities are:

  • Commercial - mostly in CBD - most acessible and expensive
  • Industrial - either inner city or city edge
  • Residential - 19th century terraced housing found closer to the centre and detached housing towards the suburbs
46
Q

What are the key features of Mumbai?

A
  • On an estuary where its port grew
  • CBD located near island tip
  • High quality housing in inner city
  • Informal areas encourage rural-urban migration
47
Q

What challenges do Mumbai face?

A

Challenges that mumbai face:

  • Not enough income from tax
  • A weak local government
  • House shortages and slum development
48
Q

What are the advantages of the Mumbai Monorail?

A

The advantages of Mumbai Monorail:

  • Built above land
  • Cheap tickets
  • Provided transport for commuters
  • Allowed access for people in slums to the main city
49
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Mumbai monorail?

A

The disadvantages of the Mumbai monorail:

  • Mostly used by tourists
  • Tickets still too expensive for the poorest people
  • Delayed construction
50
Q

What are the advantages of vision mumbai?

A

The advantages of vision mumbai:

  • New flats replaced slums with clean water and sewage
  • 300 extra public toilets
  • 72 new trains and safer wider platforms
51
Q

What are the disadvantages of vision mumbai?

A

The disadvantages of mumbai monorail:

  • Splits up communities
  • Unaffordable rents
  • Small workshops had to be moved
52
Q

What are the advantages of the SPARC toilets?

A

Avantages of sparc toilets:

  • 800 blocks built, each with 8 toilets
  • Lights at night making it safe
  • 20 communities benefitted
53
Q

What are the disadvantages of the SPARC toilets?

A

Disadvantages of sparc toilets:

  • Relies on charity funding
  • Delayed funding delays construction
  • Poorest communities cannot afford permit