Geography paper 2

Question 1

Population of Lagos:

Answer 1

16 million

Question 2

—- migrants arrive per day

Answer 2

2000

Question 3

Importance:

· Regional:

· National: 80% of Nigeria’s industry; generates 25% of Nigeria’s GDP; 80% of Nigeria’s exports pass

through the docks, centre of Nollywood.

· International: Apapa port is 5th busiest in West Africa, venue for major sporting events – Africa Cup of

Nations; ICT centre of West Africa.

Answer 3

R; Schools, universities, and hospitals (University of

Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital); transport hub with international airport and docks

providing raw materials for local industry; art & cultural scene.

N; 80% of Nigeria’s industry; generates 25% of Nigeria’s GDP; 80% of Nigeria’s exports pass

through the docks, centre of Nollywood.

I;Apapa port is 5th busiest in West Africa, venue for major sporting events – Africa Cup of

Nations; ICT centre of West Africa.

Question 4

–% of Lagos population live in squatter settlements

Answer 4

70%

Question 5

Makoko squatter settlement in coastal lagoon has —— residents

Answer 5

250,000

Question 6

Only –% have access to safe piped water, most dig wells or boreholes to extract from boreholes – but this is often contaminated.

Answer 6

10

Question 7

Unemployment is high at–% (2020); many work in the informal sector (employs –%) which has challenges e.g. working at Olusosun landfill site.

Answer 7

• 37%

-40%

Question 8

Crime rates are high particularly involving drugs, vandalism, and theft. Gangs are a big problem:

Answer 8

“Area Boys”.

Question 9

—–tonnes of waste created daily

Answer 9

10,000

Question 10

· Traffic congestion: average commuter spends -hrs a day in traffic.

Answer 10

3hrs

Question 11

Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority introduced a bus rapid transport system, transports 2000,000 commuters per day to the CBD. Minibus taxis “——”

Answer 11

“danfos”

Question 12

Threat to squatter settlements with development of————-

Population growth, rising sea levels and water / power supplies major challenges

Answer 12

Eko Atlantic

Question 13

Location: SE of the UK, on the River Thames

Importance:

Answer 13

National: Capital city of the UK, 10% of UK population (9.7 million – largest and wealthiest city),

wages 23% higher, 39% of UK’s GDP, 5.8 million jobs (2021)

· International: 30 million tourist per year, London Stock Exchange largest in the world, global

transport hub – Heathrow/Gatwick, a “World City”, many HQs of TNCs are in London .e.g HSBC,

Starbucks (Europe HQ)

Question 14

Impacts of migration on character of London:

Answer 14

Internal migration: Young professionals move to London for work, leads to an increase in the need for

housing, especially flats and apartments e.g. Battersea Power Station.

· International migration: Windrush generation to SE London – Brixton – Caribbean culture and food

e.g. Brixton Market, reggae music. Southall – Indian migrants – Bollywood cinema and Indian cuisine.

Question 15

Opportunities:

Answer 15

Social & Economic

Cultural Mix: 41% of the population is born outside of the UK (most diverse city in the UK)

Recreation & Entertainment: West End, museums e.g. Natural History Museum, tourist attractions

e.g. London Eye, Buckingham Palace

Transport: Integrated transport system – London Underground, overland trains, Crossrail, bus

network, cycle paths.

Environmental: Urban Greening

47% of London is green space

Large areas of green space e.g. Hyde Park, Regents Park

Question 16

Environmental:

Answer 16

8,300 trees planted

Rainwater is recycled and grey water is used

Recycled material used to build the buildings e.g 60% Copper Box is recycled materials

River Lee has been rewilded

700 bird and bat boxes

Question 17

An example of how the growth of tourism in an

LIC or NEE helps to reduce the development

gap. -

Tunisia

Answer 17

Tunisia

Question 18

Reasons for tourism Climate: Mediterranean – attracts sun seekers from Europe. Links with Europe – an ex-colony of France (attracts French Tourists) Easy (cheap) flights to Europe History and Culture : 7 World Heritage Sites (eg Carthage) and place seen in movies (eg Star Wars)

Answer 18

Landscape: A range including beaches and mountains and the Sahara Desert Cheap package holiday: Govt has worked with package tour operators like Thomas Cook, to make it a great tourist destination. How has it helped? Multiplier effects helped souks and farmers. Jobs and income from tourism related jobs ( and training for the tourist industry )

Question 19

Concerns

Answer 19

Pollution of the environment and use of precious resources like water Leakage of profits (package tour operators keep most money). Managers are from other countries. Terrorism in 2015 Jobs are mainly along the coast Overcrowding in tourist areas puts other tourists off (Touris

Question 20

An example of how modern industrial

development can be more environmentally

sustainable –

Answer 20

Torr Quarry

Question 21

Torr Quarry

Answer 21

Operated by Aggregate Industries. One of 8 limestone quarries on the

Mendip Hills in Somerset.

·

A nationally important source of construction materials –

rock chippings – used for a variety of uses including

roads.

·

Employs over 100 people.

·

Contributes more than £15million a year to the local economy.

·

Quarrying began in the 1940s and originally produced 8 million tonnes a year – now only 5 million tonnes a year.

·

2.5km2 in size. In 2012 permission was given to extend operations to 2040.

·

Most material is transported via rail to the SE of England. (Rail minimises the impact on local roads and villages.)

·

It aims to restore the site to create wildlife habitats, recreation and water supplies. 2
landscaped to blend with the surrounding countryside. · Noise, dust and vibrations are constantly monitored. · Water quality is monitored

Question 22

An example of a large scale agricultural

development to show how it has both

advantages and disadvantages –

Answer 22

Almeria

Question 23

Location: Spain

Answer 23

Background: Large concentration of greenhouses. Where a lot of UK vegetables and fruits are grown.

Question 24

Advantages

Answer 24

• the development has led to significant advances in hydroponic growing techniques
• the use of drip irrigation and hydroponics has led to less water being used
• the warm temperatures throughout the year mean low energy costs
• packing plants provide additional jobs
• there is a regular supply of cheap, temporary migrants from North Africa, Eastern Europe and

South America

• factories providing materials for the greenhouses provide jobs
• fruit and vegetables are provided throughout the year
• there has been a reduction in the levels of chemicals used as the result of strict UK regulations on

quality

• the multiplier effect – new scientific agribusiness companies have moved to the area providing

high-skilled research and development jobs

Question 25

Disadvantages

Answer 25

- Conflict occurs between immigrants from different countries - Some immigrants work illegally, so have no control over their working conditions - Immigrants often receive low pay and live in poor conditions - Ecosystems have been destroyed as large areas have been covered in plastic - Plastic is dumped at sea, which harms marine ecosystems - As pesticide use has increased, so have the health risks associated with its use - Aquifers, natural underground stores of water, are drying up due to water being extracted for use in agriculture - Despite average temperatures rising in Spain, in Almería, they have dropped by 0.3 °C per ten years, as greenhouses reflect sunlight into the atmosphere.

Question 26

an example of a local scheme in an LIC or NEE to increase sustainable supplies of food –

Answer 26

Jamalpur Practical Action charity · Rice-fish agriculture in northern region of Bangladesh - Jamalpur

Question 27

How it works:

Answer 27

Earth bunds (walls) are built at edge of fields ---> vegetables or fruits e.g. bananas can be grown on this--> Field fills with water --> fish are put in amongst the rice crop ---> the rice is fertilised by the fish excrement ---> more rice is produced --> the fish can be sold or eaten --- > more food produced per m squared

Question 28

Environmental sustainability:

Answer 28

One way this is environmentally sustainable is it limits the amount of land farmers need to make a livelihood – this leaves more ecosystems untouched and slows down deforestation · Fish provide a source of fertilizer with their droppings, eat insect pests and help to circulate oxygen around the rice field. Due to the fertilising of the rice plants from the fish, the addition of chemical fertilisers is limited, spread through rivers, reduces the toll on plant life

Question 29

Socio-economic sustainability:

Answer 29

Without rice-fish farming, most farmers are subsistence farmers --> with fish introduced, farmers produce more food for their family (nutrients) ---> increase health ---> more likely to attend school -- -> skilled higher paying job health Income farmers quadruple their income, which means they have more to spend locally on goods (food) and services Increase rice yields by up to 10% – plus they have the additional supplies of fish.