geography revision end of yr 7

Question 1

draw the water cycle and its main components

Answer 1

see example image

Question 2

Define interception, surface run-off, groundwater flow (etc etc!)

Answer 2

throughflow
The movement diagonally downslope of water through the soil, as opposed to the vertical movement known as percolation.

interception - precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is instead caught by the leaves and the branches of plants and the forest floor.

infiltration- Infiltration is the process of water moving through soil and rock layers in the ground.

surface run off- when water runs over the ground

watershed- the area separating drainage basins

groundwater flow- when water flows under rock

condensation - when water turns into gas

precipitation - when water falls as rain, hail, sleet or snow

transpiration- trees and plants breath out water vapour through tiny holes in their leaves

Question 3

What is a drainage basin?

Answer 3

The area of land drained by the river and its tributaries

Question 4

What is a confluence of a river?

Answer 4

the point where two rivers meet

Question 5

Define abrasion (or any other type of erosion!)

Answer 5

abrasion - rocks and stones bang against the river bed

attrition - rocks bang against each other and become rounder and smaller

corrosion- rocks such as chalk or limestone are dissolved in water and carried away by the flow of the river

hydraulic action- the force of the water creates cracks in the beds and banks of the river and bits break off

Question 6

What is deposition? and what causes it?

Answer 6

When the sea loses energy, it drops the material it has been carrying. This is known as
deposition
Factors leading to deposition include:

.waves starting to slow down .and lose energy
.shallow water
.sheltered areas, e.g bays
.little or no wind

Question 7

How do rivers transport sediment?

Answer 7

The river picks up sediment and carries it downstream in different ways.

There are four types of
transportation
:

Traction - large, heavy pebbles are rolled along the river bed. This is most common near the source of a river, as here the
load is larger.

Saltation - pebbles are bounced along the river bed, most commonly near the
source
.
Suspension - lighter sediment is suspended (carried) within the water, most commonly near the
mouth of the river.

Solution - the transport of dissolved chemicals. This varies along the river depending on the presence of soluble rocks.

Question 8

Explain the formation of waterfalls, meanders and oxbow lakes, deltas (in step by step diagrams)

Answer 8

look at image

Question 9

Explain how and why rivers need managing

Answer 9

rivers need managing to try and ensure that flooding does not happen again in an area. rivers can be managed by hard engineering strategies such as channel realignment or soft engineering strategies such as introducing floodplains where the excess water will flow to.

Question 10

Evaluate soft engineering strategies

Answer 10

Soft engineering does not involve building artificial structures but takes a more sustainable and natural approach to managing the coast. Compared to hard engineering, soft engineering approaches are less expensive and are more long-term, attractive and sustainable as they work with natural processes.
.cheap
.not very effective
.looks good
.tries to work alongside nature

Question 11

Evaluate hard engineering strategies

Answer 11

hard engineering tend to be more expensive and more unattractive than soft engineering strategies. hard engineering strategies try to work against nature whereas soft engineering strategies try to work alongside nature. hard engineering strategies are very reliable.
.expensive
.effective
.man made materials
.large scale
. bit of an eyesore
.provides immediate results

Question 12

Case Study: What were the short term and long term impacts of the Somerset Floods of 2014

Answer 12

Long term
. no deaths but many lives impacted
Impact on house prices
.jobs
.building works
.£22.4 million spent
.insurance has gone up

short term
contaminated floodwaters full of sewage and pollution
. temporary accommodation
. medical (hard to get to)
. some villages cut off as roads flooded
.600 homes and 16 farms evacuated

Question 13

What human and natural factors cause flooding?

Answer 13

HUMAN
Agriculture
urban land use
pollution
deforestation

NATURAL
Rainfall
Impermeable rock
Surface run-off

Question 14

hydrological cycle

Answer 14

the water or hydrological cycle is the process by which water is continuously transferred between the surface of the earth and the atmosphere.

Question 15

V shaped valley

Answer 15

The river transports rocks downstream and the channel becomes wider and deeper, creating a v-shaped valley between interlocking spurs

Question 16

Plunge pool

Answer 16

pool of water found at the bottom of a waterfall it is an erosional feature that has been created by a combination of hydraulic action and the abrasion of the plunging water.

Question 17

channel

Answer 17

this is where the river flows

Question 18

interlocking spur

Answer 18

hill that a river meanders around in a v-shaped valley. When viewed from downstream, these spurs appear to be locked together.

Question 19

tributary

Answer 19

a smaller river that branches of a bigger river

Question 20

clouds blown inland

Answer 20

as the clouds are blown inland the water droplets get larger and larger

Question 21

rivers

Answer 21

a large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to another store of water that is not a human body, a moving body of water that drains the ground

Question 22

stores of water

Answer 22

lakes, oceans, rivers and the human body

Question 23

source

Answer 23

where a river begins

Question 24

mouth

Answer 24

where a river meets the sea

Question 25

EROSION do the drawing

Answer 25

look at reference

Question 25

how a river changes from source to mouth

Answer 25

UPPER COURSE . begins . high carrying capacity. . high above sea level . lots of rain . flows very fast . waterfalls . v shaped valley MIDDLE COURSE .meanders .cliff .oxbow lake .flooding .river starts to widen LOWER COURSE . end . estuary . salt and freshwater mix . could be tidal . mudflats

Question 26

TRANSPORTATION do the drawing

Answer 26

look at reference

Question 27

DEPOSITION do the drawing

Answer 27

look at reference

Question 28

Formation of a waterfall

Answer 28

1. the river all flows over a steep drop creating a waterfall 2.erosion creates the plunge pool, soft rock erodes quickly 3. overhang collapses for the first time. Pebbles ,stones and boulders fall into the plunge pool. 4. overhang collapses intermittently as the plunge pool is further eroded over about 1000 years and the waterfall retreats upstream look at pictures for how to draw

Question 29

facts about waterfalls

Answer 29

waterfalls form when there are horizontal strips of hard and soft rock backsplash from the waterfall causes abrasion undercutting occurs behind the waterfall

Question 30

meanders and oxbow lakes formation

Answer 30

MEANDER Water moves slowly on the inside of the bend and the river deposits some load, forming a river beach/slip-off slope. Continuous erosion on the outer bank. and deposition on the inner bank. forms a meander in the river. look in the book for image OXBOW LAKES Continual erosion and deposition narrows the neck of the meander. Often during a flood the river will cut through the neck. The river continues on its straighter path and the meander is abandoned. New deposition seals off the ends and the cut-off becomes an oxbow lake that will eventually dry up.

Question 31

RIVER DELTAS FORMATION

Answer 31

DELTAS .a delta is a landform found in the lower course of a river .deltas form at the mouth of a river .they are created by the process of deposition .as a river empties into the sea, ocean or lake the velocity falls .the river drops the material it has been carrying . as this builds up, new land is formed, this is the delta

Question 32

Case Study: Why did York flood in 2015?

Answer 32

the river foss and the river ouse both flooded in december, 2015 in the city of york. These were easily the most devastating floods York had experienced in at least 30 years. The community that were flooded were extremely upset as the flood defenses which should have protected them failed and the Christmas of 2015 was ruined. The people felt like a sacrifice as the council put a barrier to protect one part of York, but not the part that they were in. The barrier was let up, but the discharge was so large that both rivers flooded as the Foss retreated into the Ouse. NOTE: remember facts and figures!!!!!!!!!!!

Question 33

What hard engineering strategies were used after the York 2015 floods to improve protection?

Answer 33

. flood walls . some houses have flood gates . embankments . flood pumps . flood barrier - machinery controls this to make sure the water levels are equal . culverts .sluice gates . 17 million pounds to improve and upgrade the barrier . the defence starts in clifton ings

Question 34

Explain how one physical and one human factor can contribute to the risk of flooding.

Answer 34

HUMAN Urban land use - when an area surrounding a river is built on, there is an increase in the amount of tarmac and concrete, which are impermeable surfaces. Drains and sewers take water directly to the river which increases flood risk. PHYSICAL Prolonged rainfall - if it rains for a long time, the land around a river can become saturated (it's holding as much water or moisture as can be absorbed). If there is more rainfall it cannot be soaked up, so it runs along the surface - this is known as surface run-off.

Question 35

Fill in the gaps with these words: saltation suspension traction Sediment is moved downstream by rivers in a number of ways. Small sediments are carried in ................. while larger pebbles are moved along the river bed in "small hops". This movement is called .................... The larger material is pushed along the river bed by ................ .

Answer 35

1) suspension 2) saltation 3) traction

Question 36

Explain why a river deposits its load.

Answer 36

A river deposits its load (sediment, rocks, etc.) when it loses energy, typically due to a decrease in velocity or depth. This happens in areas where the river slows down, such as on the inside of bends (meanders), at the mouth where it meets a larger body of water, or in shallow areas. It deposits larger loads first.

Question 37

Draw the diagrams for erosion, transportation and deposition.

Answer 37

Look in old book

Question 38

Formation of a waterfall, draw and write

Answer 38

look in books for drawing (old one) Stage 1 The river all falls over a steep drop, creating a waterfall. Stage 2 Erosion creates a plunge pool, soft rock erodes more quickly. Stage 3 overhang collapses for one of the first times. pebbles, stones and boulders fall into the plunge pool. Stage 4 Erodes even further over 100/1000 yrs with the overhang collapsing intermittently, eventually the waterfall retreats.