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Geography Test 2 > Geography Test 2 > Flashcards

Geography Test 2 Flashcards

(97 cards)

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0
Q

Era

A

Long period of history

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1
Q

What is the age of earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

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2
Q

Period

A

Length or portion of time

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3
Q

Epoch

A

Period of time that are marked with events in your life

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4
Q

Mineral

A

Natural inorganic substance that has a definite chemical composition and characteristic

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5
Q

Rock

A

Solid minerals forming part of the surface of the earth and simple planets, exposed of the surface or underlying the soil or oceans

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6
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock

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7
Q

Intrusive igneous rock

A

Are formed below ground level by solidification of magma

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8
Q

Extrusive igneous rock

A

Created above ground level by solidification of the lava

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9
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Composed of particles of gravel, sand , slit, and clay that were eroded from already existing rocks

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10
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Formed from igneous and sedimentary rocks by earth forces that generate heat , pressure, or chemical reaction “changed in shape”

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11
Q

Plate tectonic theory

A

That the earth’s crust consists of lithospheric plates that carry the continents and the ocean floor and that slowly on the plastic upper mantle, colliding with and scrapping again one another

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12
Q

Atmosphere

A

Above the earths interior is a partially molten layer

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13
Q

Lithosphere

A

Thin but strong solid shell of rocks

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14
Q

Fault

A

Break in the rock produced by stress or the movement of the lithospheric plates

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15
Q

Transform fault

A

A break in rocks that occur when one lithospheric plates slip past another in a horizontal motion

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16
Q

Subduction

A

The process by which one lithospheric plate is forced down beneath another into the asthenosphere as a result of a collision with that plate

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17
Q

Tsunami

A

Sea waves generated when an earthquake , eruption or underwater landslide abruptly moves the seabed , jolting the waters above

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18
Q

Earthquake

A

Movement of the earth along a geologic fault or at other points of weakness at or near earths surface

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19
Q

Continental drift

A

All land masses were once United in one supercontinent, over many years they broke apart

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20
Q

Pangaea

A

All earth

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21
Q

Sea floor spreading

A

process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge.

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22
Q

Ridge

A

a long narrow hilltop, mountain range, or watershed.

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23
Q

Trenches

A

type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide, and narrow compared to its length.

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24
Crust
the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle
25
San Andreas fault
continental transform fault that extends roughly 810 miles through California. It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, and its motion is right-lateral strike-slip.
26
Broad warping
Great tectonic forces resulting from the movement of continents may bow an entire continent
27
Folding
Compressional pressure caused by plate movements is great, layers of the rock are forced to buckle
28
Faulting
Break or fracture in rock along which movements has taken place
29
Uplifting
vertical elevation of the Earth's surface in response to natural causes.
30
Volcanism builds landforms
Help shape the land form and build up the soil
31
Gradations like processes
Processes of weathering , gravity transfer and erosion that are responsible for the reduction of the land surface
32
Mechanical weathering
Physical disintegration of earth materials , commonly by frost action , root action or the the development of salt crystals
33
Chemical weathering
Decomposition of earth materials because of chemical reactions that include oxidation, hydration and carbonation
34
Mass wasting
Downslope movement of earth materials due to gravity
35
Erosion
Results of processes that loosen dissolve , wear away and remove earth and rock material
36
Weathering
Changing the appearance or texture by exposure to the air
37
Agents
Wind , water , glaciers
38
Floodplain
Valley area bordering a stream that is subject to inundation by flooding
39
Alluvium
Sediment carried by a stream and deposited in a floodplain or delta
40
Karst topography
Large limestone region marked by sinkholes, careens, and underground streams East central Florida
41
Glaciers influence the world by:
When they melt or freeze they will move things
42
Carolina bay
elliptical depressions concentrated along the Atlantic seaboard within coastal Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, and northcentral Florida.
43
Weather
Refers to the atmospheric at a given time and place (windy)
44
Climate
Long term average weather conditions in a place or region (20 degrees F)
45
Troposphere
Layer closest to the earth
46
What object most directly heats our troposphere?
The sun warms the earths surface then heats troposphere
47
Insolation
Solar radiation received at the earths surface
48
Reflection
Process of returning to outer spaces some of earths received insolation
49
Re-radiation
Process by which the earth returns solar energy to space
50
The green house effect
Heating of he earths surface as shortwave solar energy passes through atmosphere
51
Convection
Circulatory movement of rising warm air and descending cool air
52
Why do we experience changing seasons?
The earth is tilted at a 23 degree angle and spinning
53
Summer solstice
June 21st
54
Winter solstice
December 21st
55
Autumnal equinox
September 23rd
56
Spring equinox
March 20th
57
How is latitudinal position a control of the climate of a given area?
More of the sun come in at angle
58
Why is it that higher latitudes are cooler than lower latitudes
Higher latitudes climates also have greater annual temperature range than the low latitudes
59
How do the different characteristics of land surfaces and water surfaces affect the climate of any given area ?
Land heats up faster and obtains a higher degree of temperature and the water bodies
60
What is the temperature lapse rate of the atmosphere?
6.4 degree c per 1000 meters
61
Inversion
Condition caused by rapid reradiation in which air at lower altitudes is cooler than air aloft
62
Air pressure
The weight of the atmosphere as measured at a point on the earths surface
63
Can you feel it? How is it measured?
No and barometer
64
Equatorial low
Cause air to rise
65
Subtropical high
Sinking of conventional cells initiated at the equatorial low
66
Subpolar low
Pressure decreases until about 65 degree latitude
67
Polar high
High pressure
68
Polar easterlies
As these winds are deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern
69
Westerlies
Winds of the upper-middle latitudes
70
Trade winds
Winds blowing from the highs towards the equator
71
What do jet streams have on our weather?
Huge influence on climate , push air masses around and effect weather patterns
72
Monsoons
Wind system that reverses direction seasonally producing wet and dry season ;especially describes the wind system of south , southeast , and easy Asia
73
Relative humidity
Measure of the moisture content of the air (amount of water vapor)
74
Dew point
Temperature at which condensation forms, air cooled sufficiently
75
Saturated air
Moist air in a state of equilibrium with a plane surface of pure water or ice at the same temperature and pressure; that is, air whose vapor pressure is the saturation vapor pressure and whose relative humidity is 100.
76
Condensation nuclei
:a small particle (as of dust) upon which water vapor condenses in the atmosphere
77
Condensation level
eight at which the relative humidity (RH) of an air parcel will reach 100% when it is cooled by dry adiabatic lifting.
78
Cumulus
Low to the ground kind of fluffy
79
Stratus
Low to the ground and flat (strait form)
80
Cirrus
Very high in the stay and wispy like
81
Cumulonimbus
Vertically developed and middle of the sky
82
Conventional precipitation
Results from rising , heated , moisture -laden air
83
Cyclonic/frontal precipitation
Cooling and warm air masses meet
84
Orographic precipitation
Warm air is forced to rise because hills or mountains block moisture laden-winds
85
Air mass
Large body of air little horizontal variation in temperature, pressure and , humidity Northern Canada, north central part of Russia
86
Cyclone
Large system of air circulation centered on a region of low atmospheric pressure
87
Hurricane
Low pressure zone over warm waters
88
Tornado
a mobile, destructive vortex of violently rotating winds having the appearance of a funnel-shaped cloud and advancing beneath a large storm system.
89
Blizzard
a severe snowstorm with high winds and low visibility.
90
El Niño
an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador, typically in late December.
91
Climagraph
A bar and line graph used to depict average monthly temperature and pressure
92
Coriolis effect
Fictitious force used to describe motion relative to a rotating earth
93
Cyclonic precipitation
The rain or snow that is produced when moist air of one air mass is forced to ride over the edge of another air mass
94
Frictional effect
In climatology the slowing of wind movement due to the frictional drag of the earths surface
95
Front
The line or zone of separation between 2 air masses of different temperatures and humidities
96
Global warning
A rise in surface temperature on earth , a process believed by some to be caused by human activities that increase the concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere, magnifying the green house effect

Geography Test 2 (2 decks)

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