Geography Theme 2

Question 1

Characteristics of a river:

Answer 1

• width
  -depth
  -speed of flow

Question 2

The hydrological cycle

Answer 2

-the hydrological cycle is a closed (no inputs and no outputs) system
-water is constantly recycled through the system
- within the hydrological cycle, there are stores and transfers (flows)

Question 3

Go to photos and do the activity

Answer 3

1,precipitation
2,condensation
3,evapotranspiration
6, overland flow
7,infiltration
8,percolation
9,throughflow
10,evaporation
11,groundwater flow

Question 4

Explain : Precipitation

Answer 4

• Any form of water, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, that falls to the earth’s surface

Question 5

When can precipitation only happen?

Answer 5

-when the air is saturated
-there is a nucleus to form around =for heavy drops
-temperature below dew point

Question 6

State the three types of precipitation

Answer 6

• cyclonic (frontal)
  -orgraphic (relief)
  -conventional

Question 7

Evaporation

Answer 7

• is the process by which a liquid or a solid is changed into a gas.
  -Evaporation increases under warm, dry, windy conditions

Question 8

Factors of evaporation (7)

Answer 8

-temp= if hotter evaporation will increase
-humidity
-wind speed= the higher, the more evaporation decreases because wind blows water vapour
-water quality= the clearer and fresh the more evaporation
-depth of water = shallow+wide surface are the more evaporation
-size of water body
-vegetation cover

Question 9

Interception

Answer 9

-water intercepted and stored by vegetation
- There are 3 main components, ways of interception; interception loss, through fall,

Question 10

Explain the three main ways of intercepting

Answer 10

1, interception loss= water that is held by a plants surface—> later evaporated/absorbed by plant
2,throughfall= water that falls through Thais I’m vegetation/ drops from leaves
3,stemflow= water that twinkles along twigs+branched down to the trunk

Question 11

Evapotranspiration

Answer 11

-combined effects of evaporation and transpiration
-water moves outside, plant down a concentration gradient
-most important aspect of waterloss

Question 12

Infiltration

Answer 12

-process which water soaks into the ground, soil layer

Question 13

What’s the infiltration capacity

Answer 13

• is the maximum rate at which rain can enter the soil/ground.
  -it varies according to time raining, type of soil, how often vegetation occurs…..
• infiltration capacity decreases with time through a period of rainfall

Question 14

Percolation

Answer 14

• it happens one infiltration happened
  -it’s the downwards movement of water from the soil to the rock beneath

Question 15

Surface runoff- overland flow

Answer 15

-water moving over the surface

Question 16

When does surface runoff occur?

Answer 16

• when soil becomes saturated
• precipitation exceeds infiltration rate
  -Impermeable soil rock
  -high suspended flow

Question 17

Throughflow

Answer 17

-water flowing through the soil, on natural pipes and between soil horizons

-once infiltration happens= water flows downhill through soil

Question 18

Groundwater flow

Answer 18

-subsurface water in soil
-once infiltration happens= water flows slowly through rock towards the sea

Question 19

Characteristics of a river and drainage basin
-source

Answer 19

The place where a river begins

Question 20

Tributary

Answer 20

A small river that joins the large river

Question 21

Confluence

Answer 21

The point where the tributary joins the main river channel

Question 22

Mouth

Answer 22

The point where the river enters the sea

Question 23

Estuary

Answer 23

The part of the mouth that is tidal

Question 24

Watershed

Answer 24

The high ground separating one river basin from another

Question 25

Downstream characteristics of a river that increase

Answer 25

-discharge -occupied channel width -channel depth -average velocity -load quantity

Question 26

Why does the discharge increase downstream

Answer 26

-as a river moves downstream, additional discharge is added to the main river by tributaries, surface flow and ground water

Question 27

Why does the load quantity increase as you go downstream?

Answer 27

As a river moves downstream, erosion occurs along the river banks and bed, eroded particles are added to the river’s load.

Question 28

Energy in a river (kinetic and potential)

Answer 28

1, overcome friction with the bed and banks (95% of it’s energy is used this way ) 2,transport it’s load (when it loses energy, it drops/deposits it’s load) 3, erode the channel bed, banks and load

Question 29

Channel shape

Answer 29

-The efficiency of the channel is how easily water moves along it without using energy -efficiency is measured by hydraulic radius -the most efficent shape is semi-circular

Question 30

Channel roughness

Answer 30

Channel roughnesss causes friction, which slows the velocity of the water, friction might be caused by boulders, broken tress and uneven surface.

Question 31

Erosion is

Answer 31

This is where the river or sea wears the rocks away

Question 32

Transportation is

Answer 32

Where the river or sea carries eroded material, boulders, pebbles, sand, silt and mud eroded by the river are carried downstream

Question 33

Deposition is

Answer 33

When a river no longer has the energy to carry the load so it gradually drops it on the river’s bed

Question 34

The 4 types of erosion

Answer 34

-attrition -hydraulic action - corrasion (abrasion) -solution (corrosion)

Question 35

Attrition

Answer 35

-“rock on rock” -this is where rock fragments carried by the waves hit against each other and gradually wear down to form sand and slit

Question 36

Hydraulic action

Answer 36

“Pressuring” - as waves break against the cliff face, the pressure of the breaking wave can compress air in cracks p. This compressed air gradually forces open the crack in the rock- as this process continues, the rock becomes increasingly weakened

Question 37

Abrasion

Answer 37

“ rock on cliff” - this is when rock fragments are hurled at cliffs by breaking waves, gradual at scraping away at the cliff face

Question 38

Solution

Answer 38

“Rusting, dissolving” - this occurs where the salt water is able to dissolve so,e of the chemicals in rocks- for example, limestone cliffs are gradually weakened as the salt water dissolves the calcium carbonate in the limestone

Question 39

Factors that affect erosion (4)

Answer 39

-load= the heavier+sharper the load the grater the potential for erosion -velocity and discharge= the greater the velocity and discharge the grater erosion -gradient =increased gradient,more erosion -PH= rates of solution are increased when the water is more acidic -

Question 40

Transportation

Answer 40

-suspension -solution -traction - saltation

Question 41

Suspension

Answer 41

- carrying - fine, light material is carried along by the river

Question 42

Solution

Answer 42

- minerals are dissolved in the water, this is chemical change

Question 43

Traction

Answer 43

Large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed

Question 44

Saltation

Answer 44

Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed

Question 45

Deposition

Answer 45

Main reason= river loses energy - as river drops it’s load when the speed or volume of river creases, the load, which is carried gets deposited -the heavier material is deposited first and the finer material carried further. Proccess #depositon occurs: # decrease in gradient #decrease in river flow #the river meeting the sea or lake often creating a delta