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geography water world Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What happens when rainfall cannot infiltrate into the ground?

A

It flows quickly to the river as surface runoff, increasing the likelihood of floods.

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2
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

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3
Q

What are the two types of erosion that affect rivers?

A
  • Lateral (sideways) erosion
  • Vertical (downwards) erosion
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4
Q

What is abrasion in the context of river processes?

A

When sediment is ‘rubbed’ against the bed and banks as it is transported.

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5
Q

How do rivers transport sediment? List the methods.

A
  • Traction (rolling and sliding)
  • Saltation (bouncing)
  • In suspension (carried along in turbulent water)
  • In solution (dissolved)
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6
Q

What occurs during deposition in a river?

A

Sediment is dropped when the speed of the water flowing in the river slows down.

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7
Q

In a meander, where does the fastest flowing water occur?

A

On the outside bend, increasing erosion.

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8
Q

What is the Mariana Trench and where is it located?

A

The Mariana Trench is in the western Pacific Ocean and its deepest point is the Challenger Deep.

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9
Q

What are the advantages of deep sea mining?

A

Finding valuable resources for making batteries, which could limit climate change.

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10
Q

True or False: Ocean currents regulate the Earth’s climate.

A

True.

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11
Q

What is an atoll?

A

A ring-shaped island with a coral rim that encircles a lagoon.

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12
Q

What causes rising sea levels?

A
  • Melting polar ice caps
  • Warming and expanding ocean water
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13
Q

What is soil salination?

A

The process where freshwater supplies become increasingly salty due to contamination by salt water.

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14
Q

What are tides?

A

The regular rising (high tides) and falling (low tides) movements of the surface of the sea.

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15
Q

What is the fetch in relation to waves?

A

The distance of sea that the wind blows over to produce the wave.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Waves are created by the wind blowing over the _______.

A

[sea surface]

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17
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

The physical break-up of rocks by the weather.

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18
Q

What is a headland?

A

A part of the coastline that projects out into the sea.

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19
Q

What are coral reefs made up of?

A

Colonies of millions of tiny individual animals called coral polyps.

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20
Q

What is the symbiotic relationship in coral reefs?

A

Coral polyps provide protection and carbon to zooxanthellae, and in return, the algae supply sugar to the polyp.

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21
Q

What is coral bleaching?

A

When corals expel zooxanthellae due to prolonged higher water temperatures, appearing transparent.

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22
Q

What is climate change primarily caused by?

A

Burning fossil fuels which release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

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23
Q

List the five ocean basins in size order.

A
  • Pacific
  • Atlantic
  • Indian
  • Southern
  • Arctic
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24
Q

What is piracy?

A

Attacking and robbing ships at sea.

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25
What is the primary function of ocean currents?
Moderate the Earth's climate.
26
Who are the Big Three?
Lloyd George (UK), Woodrow Wilson (USA), George Clemenceau (France)
27
What is Communism?
An economic system in which the distribution of property and resources is primarily controlled by the government
28
What is Democracy?
A form of government in which the people have the authority to choose their governing legislation
29
What was the League of Nations?
The first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace
30
What does Diktat mean?
Dictated Peace
31
What does the acronym BRAT stand for regarding the Treaty?
* Blame * Reparations * Army * Territory
32
When was the Treaty of Versailles agreed?
June 1919
33
What were the German public's feelings towards the Treaty of Versailles?
They reacted with hostility, calling it the Diktat and feeling stabbed in the back
34
How did the French public react to the Treaty of Versailles?
They were outraged that the Treaty was not harsh enough
35
How did the British public react to the Treaty of Versailles?
They thought the Treaty was too harsh and feared German revenge
36
What was one aim of the League of Nations?
Stop War
37
What was one success of the League of Nations?
Prevented war in the 1920s
38
What was one failure of the League of Nations?
Failed to stop aggressive countries due to lack of an army
39
Who was the Chancellor of Germany during the hyperinflation crisis?
Gustav Stresemann
40
What did the Treaty of Versailles require Germany to pay in reparations?
£6.6 billion
41
What event in 1933 allowed Hitler to gain emergency powers?
Reichstag Fire
42
What was the Enabling Act?
It gave Hitler the power to make laws without the Reichstag’s approval
43
What happened during the Night of the Long Knives?
Hitler's SS murdered powerful members of the Nazi Party who could threaten him
44
What was the role of the Gestapo?
To monitor the German population for signs of opposition to Nazi rule
45
What was the Hitler Youth?
A youth organisation encouraged membership from age 10 to indoctrinate young Germans into Nazi ideology
46
What was the significance of the Nuremberg Laws?
They banned marriages between Jews and Non-Jews and stripped Jews of their citizenship
47
What was Kristallnacht?
A coordinated attack on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues on November 9, 1938
48
What was the Kindertransport?
A mission to save thousands of Jewish children before World War Two
49
Fill in the blank: The Great Depression began in the _______.
1930s
50
True or False: Hitler was appointed Chancellor in January 1933.
True
51
What did Hitler promise the German people?
* Work * Bread * Strong leadership
52
How did the Nazis use propaganda?
To indoctrinate the populace and promote Nazi ideology
53
What was the SS?
Hitler’s personal bodyguard service that later oversaw concentration camps
54
What was the role of the Ministry of Enlightenment and Propaganda?
To control all media and indoctrinate the German population
55
What was the purpose of mass rallies in Nazi Germany?
To display public support for Nazism and demonstrate German strength
56
What event is referred to as the 'Night of the Broken Glass'?
9th November 1938, when Nazis set synagogues on fire and vandalised Jewish homes, schools, and businesses. ## Footnote This was a significant escalation in anti-Jewish violence in Nazi Germany.
57
How many Jews were killed during the Night of the Broken Glass?
100 Jews were killed. ## Footnote Many others were arrested and sent to concentration camps.
58
What was the Kindertransport?
A mission to save thousands of children from Nazi territory, transporting 10,000 children to Britain. ## Footnote Children had to be 17 or younger and needed a sponsor.
59
What were the conditions like in ghettos during WW2?
Horrific; many died of starvation or disease due to overcrowding. ## Footnote Ghettos were guarded and surrounded by walls and barbed wire.
60
What did Jewish people in Nazi-occupied lands have to wear?
A yellow star. ## Footnote This was a form of identification and humiliation.
61
What was decided at the Wannsee Conference in 1941?
The Final Solution, which led to the establishment of death camps. ## Footnote This plan aimed at the systematic extermination of 'undesirables'.
62
What method was used for mass killings at Auschwitz?
Gas chambers using Zyklon B. ## Footnote This was part of the systematic extermination process.
63
Who were considered 'undesirables' sent to concentration camps?
* Jews * Gypsies * Homosexuals * Black people * Disabled people * Political opponents ## Footnote These groups were targeted by the Nazi regime.
64
What happened upon arrival at death camps?
Individuals were organized into those who would work and those who would be killed immediately. ## Footnote Mothers with children and the elderly were often sent to gas chambers.
65
What were the Nuremberg Trials?
Trials of Nazi leaders for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace. ## Footnote Many key figures, including Hitler, had committed suicide before the trials.
66
When did Hitler come to power in Germany?
1933. ## Footnote This marked the beginning of his regime and the implementation of anti-Jewish laws.
67
What were the marriage restrictions imposed by Nazis?
Marriages between Jews and Non-Jews were banned. ## Footnote This was part of the broader anti-Jewish legislation.
68
What was the impact of the restrictions on Jews by September 1939?
Severe limitations on their rights and freedoms, leading to increased persecution. ## Footnote Many Jews faced economic hardships and social isolation.
69
What was the public response depicted in the graffiti against Jewish shops in April 1933?
A boycott sign stating: 'Germans! Fight back! Do not buy from Jewish shops'. ## Footnote This reflects the growing anti-Semitic sentiment in Germany.
70
What is another name for Kristallnacht?
The Night of the Broken Glass. ## Footnote This event marked a turning point in the Nazi regime's violence against Jews.
71
How many Jewish children escaped to Britain before WW2 began?
10,000 children. ## Footnote This was facilitated through the Kindertransport program.
72
Which Nazi leaders committed suicide?
* Hitler * Himmler * Goebbels ## Footnote Their suicides occurred as the Allies were closing in on Germany.
73
List one charge that Nazi leaders faced during the Nuremberg Trials.
War crimes. ## Footnote Other charges included crimes against humanity and crimes against peace.

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