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Geology 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Igneous

A

Formed by the solidfication of magma

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2
Q

What is Sedimentary

A

Formed from the products of the breakdown of pre existing rocks

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3
Q

What is metamorphic

A

formed by the transformation of minerals in a preexisting rock under the influence of elevated temperature, pressure, hot fluids or all 3.

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4
Q

What is Magma

A

Molten rock that originates at the depths as great as 200km within the earth. It consist of Si, O, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, and several gasses.

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5
Q

What is Lava

A

Magma without the gas that flows on the surface,

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6
Q

Volcanic (Extrusive)

A

on the surface, fine grained, glassy, vesicular, volcanic fragments.

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7
Q

Plutonic (Intrusive)

A

magma that crystalizes below the surface, larger crystal grains.

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8
Q

Crystalization of magma

A
  1. Ions are arranged in orderly patterns.
  2. Crystal size of rock is determied by the rate of cooling.
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9
Q

Cooling rate - Slow

A

Forms large crystals

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10
Q

Cooling rate - Fast

A

Forms microscopic crystals

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11
Q

Cooling rate- very fast

A

Forms glass

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12
Q

Igneous rock Classification

A
  1. Texture
    2.Mineral Combustion
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13
Q

Texture meaning

A

Size and arrangement of crystals.

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14
Q

Texture types

A

Aphanitic
Phaneritic
Prphyritic
Glassy
Pegmatic
Vesicular
Pyroclastic

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15
Q

Aphanitic

A

fine grained, fast rate of cooling, less than 1cm across. Basalt and Andesite

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16
Q

Phaneritic

A

Coarse grained, slow rate of cooling, intrusive, large mineral grains (1mm to 1km). Granite and Diorite

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17
Q

Porphyritic

A

2 distinct crystal sizes, 2 rates of cooling, extrusive. Andesite Porphyry.

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18
Q

Glassy

A

Very fast rate of cooling, extrusive. Obsidian and Perlite.

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19
Q

Pegmatic

A

Intrusive, crystals larger than 1km across. Pegmatite.

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20
Q

Vesicular.

A

Extrusive, holes formed by escaping gas. Scoria (Vesicular basalt) and pumice.

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21
Q

Pyroclastic

A

Extrusive volcanic fragments of crystals, rocks, glass shards, pumice fragments. Ash flow tuff and volcanic Breccia

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22
Q

Mineral Combustion

A

Magma rich with silica along with Al, Mg, Fe, Ca, Na, and K.

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23
Q

Mineral Combustion Types

A

Felsic
Intermediate
Mafic
Ultramafic

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24
Q

Felsic

A

light colored like quartz, feldspars and minor dark materials like horneblende and biotite. Bhyolite and Granite

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25
Intermediate
cotain equal amounds of dark horneblende biotite and lighter feldspars. Andesite and diorite.
26
Mafic
Cointain mostly dark Mg and Fe rich silicates along with olivine as well as very little light colored feldspars. Basalt and Gabbro.
27
Ultramafic
Consists of yellowing green olivine and pyrozene Peridotite.
28
Eruptive Materials
Lava Flows Gases Pyroclastics
29
Lava Flows
Basaltic Lavas are more fluid
30
Pahoehoe Lava type
loraided lava
31
Aa Lava Type
Rough, jagged blocks
32
Gases in magma
gasses are 1 - 5% of magma H2O and Co2 HCL HF CO SO2 H2S H2 NH3 CH4 SiF4
33
Pyroclastics Meaning
Fire Fragments
34
Pyroclastic Types
Ash Pumice Lapilla Cinders Blocks Bombs
35
Pyroclastic Ash
Fine, glassy
36
Pyroclastic Pumice
Frothy Lava
37
Pyroclastic Lapilla
Walnut Size
38
Pyroclastic Cinders
Pea Size
39
Pyroclastic Blocks
Large hardened lava
40
Pyroclastic Bombs
Ejected as hot as lava
41
Factors that determine violence of eruption
Compostion of magma Temperatrue of magma dissoved gasses in magma
42
Viscosity meaning
Ciscosity is a measure of a materials resistance to flow.
43
Factors affecting viscosity
Temperature Composition
44
High SIlica Viscosity
Granite Lava
45
Low silica Viscosity
Basalitic Lava
46
Dissolved gasses
H20 Vapor Co2 gasses expand near surface Provide fore to extude lava violence depends on how fast gas escapes
47
Fluid magma eruption violence
escapes easily - not violent
48
Viscous magma eruption violence
Violent eruption
49
Parts of a volcano
Crater Caldera Vent
50
Crater volcano meaning
Steepwalled depression at the summit
51
Caldera volcano meaning
Summit deppresion greater than 1km in diameter
52
Vent volcano meaning
Throat of volcano
53
Types of volcanoes
Sheild Cinder Cone Composite (Stratovolcano)
54
Sheild Volcano
Broad, slightly domed Balsatic lava Hawaiian island volcanoes EX: Kilawea, Mauna Loa
55
Cinder Cone Volcano
Built from pyrocalstics steep >1000ft high occurin groups EX: Capulin
56
Composite (Stratovolcano) Volcano
Alternating layers of lava and pyroclastics Violent eruptions large volcanoes produce clouds of ash and gas that move down the slope at 120mph pacific coast volcanoes EX: St helens, Galeros, Fuji, Arenal
57
Volcanic Landforms
Caldrea volcanic Neck Lava Plateau Pyroclastic Flows
58
Caldera
A crater that exeeds 1km in diameter
59
Volcanic neck
resistant vent left after erosion. EX Shiprock NM
60
Lava Plateau
lava that builds up from fissure eruptions. EX Colombia plateau, Washington and the decon plateau, India.
61
Pyroclastic Flows
Material is propelled from a vent at a high rate of speed. Consists of ash and pumice fragments. Fourms ash flow tuff EX: Yellowstone plateau
62
Intrusive Igneous Activity
Magma emplaced at depth Pluton
63
Pluton
Underground igenous body is called a pluton.
64
Classifications of Plutons
Shape Orentation
65
Shape of Pluton
Tabular or sheet like Massive
66
Orentation of Pluton
The surrounding rock
67
Discordant Pluton
Cuts along sedimentary beds
68
Concordant Pluton
Cuts parrallel to sedimentary beds
69
Types of igenous activity
Dike Sill Laccolith Stock Batholith
70
Dike
Tabular, discordant pluton
71
Sill
Tabular concordant pluton. EX PalsidesNY
72
Laccolith
Lens shaped mass arch like
73
Stock
less than 100km sized batholith
74
Batholith
largests intrusive body forms in cores of mountains.
75
Distrobutions of Igenous Activity
Along Plate Margins Intraplate volcanism
76
Along plate margins of Igenous Avtivity
Divergent Convergent
77
Divergent
Oceanic ridge spreading center, the lithosphere pulls apart large quantites of basaltic magama is produced.
78
Convergent
Plates come together and one decends below the other magma rises slowly and forms moutains or islands. EX Andes Mnt. Explosive volcanoes, Ring of Fire
79
Intra Plate Volcanism
activity within a ridged plate, partial melting of mantle rock, plumes of magma move upward, form hot spots in the ocean. Ex. Hawaiian Island, Carribian Islands.
80
Deadly Eruptions
Tambora Krakatau Mt. Pelle Nevado Del Ruiz UnZen Pinatubo
81
Tambora Explosion
92,000 from Starvation
82
Krakatau Explosion
36400 from Tsunami
83
Mt. Pelle Explosion
29035 from Ash Flows
84
Nevado Del Ruiz Explosion
25000 Mud Flows
85
Unzen
14300 Collapse and Tsunami
86
Pinatubo
800 Collapsed Buildings

Geology (6 decks)

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