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GEOLOGY 4 > GEOLOGY 4 > Flashcards

GEOLOGY 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pertaining to particles of rock derived from the mechanical breakdown of preexisting rocks by weathering and erosion

A

detrital

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2
Q

Pertaining to petrography, The examination of rocks in thin section

A

petrographic

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3
Q

Pertaining to reef, a mound, ridge, or buildup of sediment or sedimentary rock, most commonly produced by organisms that secrete shells such as corals

A

reefal

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4
Q

Pertaining to regression, the migration of shoreline into a basin during progradation due to a fall in relative sea level

A

regressive

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5
Q

Pertaining to rheology, generally, the study of how matter deforms and flows, including its elasticity, plasticity and viscosity

A

rheologic / rheological

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6
Q

Pertaining to rocks that incorporate pores or void spaces, which can contain air, water, hydrocarbons or other fluids

A

porous

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7
Q

Pertaining to sediments or depositional environments on land or above the level of high tide

A

terrestrial

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8
Q

Pertaining to sediments or environments in seas or ocean waters, between the depth of low tide and the ocean bottom

A

marine

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9
Q

Pertaining to sediments that have been compacted and cemented to the degree that they become coherent, relatively solid rock

A

consolidated

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10
Q

Pertaining to strata that are relatively ductile and tend to flow under stress rather than deform by brittle faulting or fracturing

A

incompetent

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11
Q

Pertaining to structure, the geometry and spatial arrangement of rocks

A

structural

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12
Q

Pertaining to structures in which the shapes of adjacent layers differ or do not conform to one another

A

disharmonic

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13
Q

Pertaining to structures in which the shapes of adjacent layers resemble or conform to one another

A

harmonic

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14
Q

Pertaining to the angle between the vertical projection of a line of interest onto a horizontal surface and true north or magnetic north measured in a horizontal plane, typically measured clockwise from north.

A

azimuthal

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15
Q

Pertaining to the depositional environment of the deepest area of the ocean basins, the abyss

A

abyssal

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16
Q

Pertaining to the environment and conditions of organisms living at the water bottom, or benthos

A

benthic

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17
Q

Pertaining to the environment of deposition and the organisms of the ocean between depths of 200 m [656 ft], the edge of the continental shelf, and 2000 m [6560 ft]

A

bathyal

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18
Q

Pertaining to the environment of deposition by glaciers

A

glacial

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19
Q

Pertaining to the environment of deposition of sediments by wind, such as the sand dunes in a desert.

A

aeolian / eolian

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20
Q

Pertaining to the macroscopic features of rocks, such as their occurrence, origin and history, structure (usually by examining outcrops in thefield), and their texture and composition (by studying smaller samples more closely)

A

petrologic

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21
Q

Pertaining to the movement of tectonic plates toward each other, generating compressional forces and ultimately resulting in collision, and in some cases subduction, of tectonic plates

A

convergent

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22
Q

Pertaining to the subaerial (as opposed to submarine) environment, action and products of a stream or river on its floodplain, usually consisting of detrital clastic sediments, and distinct from subaqueous deposition such as in lakes or oceans and lower energy fluvial deposition

A

alluvial

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23
Q

Pertaining to transgression, themigrationof shoreline out of abasinand onto land during retrogradation

A

transgressive / onlap

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24
Q

Pertaining to vesicles, bubble-shaped cavities involcanicrockformed by expansion of gas dissolved in the precursor magma

A

vesicular

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25
Plate tectonic activity.
tectonism
26
Pore pressure less than normal or hydrostatic pressure
underpressure
27
Pore space consisting of cavities or vugs
vugular porosity
28
Possessing the quality of uniformity.
homogenous
29
Possessing the quality of variation in rock properties with location in a reservoir or formation
heterogenous
30
Predictable variation of a property of a material with the direction in which it is measured, which can occur at all scales
aeolotropy / anisotropy
31
Preserved remnants of plants or animals, such as skeletons, shells, casts or molds, tracks or borings, and feces
fossil
32
Referring to pore pressure less than normal or hydrostatic pressure
underpressured
33
Referring to vugs, which are cavities, voids or large pores in a rock that are commonly lined with mineral precipitates
vugular
34
Region in which the Earth's crust is pulling apart and creating normal faults and down-dropped areas or subsidence.
rift
35
Related to the accumulation of stratigraphic sequences by deposition that stacks beds atop each other, building upwards during periods of balance between sediment supply and accommodation.
aggradational
36
Relative displacement of two formerly adjacent points that have been separated by faulting
slip
37
Relatively conformable depositional units bounded by surfaces of marine flooding, surfaces that separate older strata from younger and show an increase in water depth in successively younger strata.
parasequence
38
Rock overlying an area or point of interest in the subsurface
overburden
39
Secrecy or confidentiality of information.
tight / tight hole
40
Sediment consisting of broken fragments derived from preexisting rocks and transported elsewhere and redeposited before forming another rock
clastic sediment
41
Sedimentary deposits formed by turbidity currents in deep water at the base of the continental slope and on the abyssal plain.
turbidite
42
Sediments that have accumulated, usually after being moved by wind, water or ice.
deposit
43
Sequence stratigraphic term for the amount of space available for sediment accumulation
accommodation
44
Silica-based, noncarbonaceous sediments that are broken from preexisting rocks, transported elsewhere, and redeposited before forming another rock.
siliciclastic sediment
45
Solid rock either exposed at the surface or situated below surface soil, unconsolidated sediments and weathered rock.
bedrock
46
Structures formed by sediment injection
clastic intrusion / injectite
47
Subdivisions of sequences that consist of discrete depositional units that differ in geometry from other systems tracts and have distinct boundaries on seismic data
systems tract
48
Subject to the pressure within the Earth, or formation pressure
geopressured
49
Subsurface pressure that is abnormally high, exceeding hydrostatic pressure at a given depth
overpressure
50
That portion of a dual-porosity reservoirs permeability that is associated with the secondary porosity created by open, natural fractures
fracture permeability
51
The abbreviation for million years that is most commonly used in the geologic literature.
mega annum / Ma / million year / My / MYBP
52
The ability to preferentially flow or transmit a particular fluid when other immiscible fluids are present in the reservoir (e.g., effective permeability of gas in a gas-water reservoir)
effective permeability
53
The ability, or measurement of a rock's ability, to transmit fluids, typically measured in darcies or millidarcies
permeability
54
The accumulation of sequences by deposition in which beds are deposited successively basinward because sediment supply exceeds accommodation.
progradation
55
The accumulation of sequences by deposition in which beds are deposited successively landward because sediment supply is limited and cannot fill the available accommodation The accumulation of sequences by deposition in which beds are deposited successively landward because sediment supply is limited and cannot fill the available accommodation
retrogradation
56
The accumulation of stratigraphic sequences by deposition that stacks beds atop each other, building upwards during periods of balance between sediment supply and accommodation.
aggradation
57
The act of acquiring acreage for exploration or production activity
lease
58
The act of drawing contours
contour
59
The action of moving sediments and laying them down
deposit
60
The amount of deformation by shearing, in which parallel lines slide past each other in differing amounts
shear strain
61
The angle between a linear feature and a horizontal line in a vertical plane containing both lines
plunge
62
The angle between the vertical projection of a line of interest onto a horizontal surface and true north or magnetic north measured in a horizontal plane, typically measured clockwise from north.
azimuth
63
The angle that a fault plane, or other stratigraphic and structural surfaces, makes with the vertical, as measured perpendicular to the strike of that plane or surface
hade
64
The angle that a plane makes with the horizontal measured in any randomly oriented section rather than perpendicular to strike.
apparent dip
65
The application of plant and animal fossils to date and correlate strata in order to elucidate Earth history, combining the principles of paleontology and stratigraphy
biostratigraphy
66
The approximate age determination of rocks, fossils or minerals made by comparing whether the material is younger or older than other surrounding materia
relative age
67
The area in which and physical conditions under which sediments are deposited, including sediment source; depositional processes such as deposition by wind, water or ice; and location and climate, such as desert, swamp or river
depositional environment
68
The area of thickest deposition in a basin.
depocenter
69
The area, or areal closure, included in the lowest closing contour of a trap
closure
70
The arrangement in space of uniform spheres (atoms and molecules in mineral crystals, or grains in clastic sedimentary rocks) that results in a cubic material structure
cubic packing
71
The azimuth of the intersection of a plane, such as a dipping bed, with a horizontal surface
strike
72
The azimuth or orientation of a linear feature, such as the axis of a fold, normally expressed as a compass bearing.
trend
73
The binding material in sedimentary rocks that precipitates between grains from pore fluids
cement
74
The boundary between the crust and the mantle of the Earth, which varies from approximately 5 km [3 miles] under the midoceanic ridges to 75 km [46 miles] deep under the continents
moho / mohorovicic discontinuity
75
The brittle outer layer of the Earth that includes the crust and uppermost mantle
lithosphere
76
The change in pore pressure per unit depth, typically in units of pounds per square inch per foot (psi/ft) or kilopascals per meter (kPa/m)
geopresure gradient
77
The change in pore pressure per unit of depth, typically in units of psi/ft or kPa/m
pore pressure gradient
78
The change in pressure per unit of depth, typically in units of psi/ft or kPa/m
pressure gradient
79
The concentration of organic material in source rocks as represented by the weight percent of organic carbon
total organic carbon / TOC
80
The condition of an environment in which free oxygen is lacking or absent.
anaerobic / anoxic
81
The contract that conveys the rights to explore and produce from the owner of the mineral rights (lessor) to a tenant (lessee), usually for a fee and with a specified duration
lease
82
The crystalline form of calcium carbonate and chief constituent of limestone and chalk
calcite
83
The deepest area of the ocean basins
abyss
84
The deformation of rock layers in which the thickness of each layer, measured perpendicular to initial undeformed layering, is maintained after the rock layers have been folded
concentric fold / parallel fold
85
The deformation that can be recovered when an applied stress has been removed
elastic deformation
86
The density- and heat-driven cycling, transfer or circulation of energy through which material initially warms up and becomes relatively less dense, then rises, cools and becomes relatively more dense, and finally sinks
convection
87
The density of a rock or mineral with no porosity, also known as matrix density, commonly in units of g/cm3
grain density
88
The dimensionless ratio of the density of a material to that of the same volume of water.
specific gravity / s.g.
89
The elastic limit, or the point at which a material can no longer deform elastically
yield point
90
The examination of rocks in thin section. Rock samples can be glued to a glass slide and the rock ground to 0.03-mm thickness in order to observe mineralogy and texture using a microscope.
petrography
91
The expulsion of newly generated hydrocarbons from a source rock
primary migration
92
The finer grained, interstitial particles that lie between larger particles or in which larger particles are embedded in sedimentary rocks such as sandstones and conglomerates
matrix
93
The force applied to a body that can result in deformation, or strain, usually described in terms of magnitude per unit of area, or intensity
stress
94
The force per unit area exerted by a column of liquid at a height above a depth (and pressure) of interest
hydraulic head
95
The formation of hydrocarbons from a source rock as bitumen forms from kerogen and accumulates as oil or gas
generation
96
The fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy.
formation
97
The gaseous phase present in a reservoir or other contained area
free gas
98
The geochemical process in supratidal sabkha areas where magnesium [Mg] ions from the evaporation of seawater replace calcium [Ca] ions in calcite, forming the mineral dolomite
dolomitization
99
The geological principle formulated by James Hutton in 1795 and publicized by Charles Lyell in 1830 that geological processes occurring today have occurred similarly in the past, often articulated as, "The present is the key to the past."
uniformitarianism
100
The height of a column of freshwater that exerts pressure at a given depth
hydrostatic head

GEOLOGY 4 (1 decks)

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