Geology

Question 1

The division of geology concerned with Earth materials, changes in the surface and interior of the Earth, and the dynamic forces that cause those changes, is called what?

Answer 1

Physical Geology

Question 2

What are some of the geological hazards described in the chapter? (one?)

Answer 2

Earthquakes, tsunamis,land/mud slides, volcanoes, floods

Question 3

What is the Earth’s internal heat engine(which generates plate tectonics) powered by?

Answer 3

Heat moving from the hot interior of the earth to the cooler exterior, radioactive decay in the core

Question 4

What is the typical rate of plate motion?

Answer 4

Between 0.6 and 10 cm/year

Question 5

In what ways do oceanic and continental crusts differ?

Answer 5

The density in the lithosphere and the composition. Oceanic is thin, mostly basalt, and continental is thick, granite like

Question 6

What are the forces generated inside Earth that cause deformation of rock, as well as vertical and horizontal movement of portions of Earth’s crust, called?

Answer 6

Tectonic forces

Question 7

Is plate tectonics considered a conjecture, an opinion, a hypothesis, or a theory?

Answer 7

Theory

Question 8

What portions of the Earth’s layers compromise the lithosphere?

Answer 8

The rigid, brittle, uppermost part of the mantle and the crust

Question 9

Earth’s external heat engine is powered by what?

Answer 9

The sun (solar energy)

Question 10

Earth is approximately____________ years old.

Answer 10

4.55 billion

Question 11

In order for a particular type of material to be classified as a mineral it must have 5 special qualifications. What are they?

Answer 11

Naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, crystalline,specific chemical composition.

Question 12

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods is called what?

Answer 12

An element

Question 13

The subatomic particle that contributes a single negative electrical charge is called what?

Answer 13

An electron

Question 14

____________ of an element are atoms containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons

Answer 14

Isotopes

Question 15

What is the name given to the ability of a mineral to break when struck or split along preferred planar directions?

Answer 15

Cleavage

Question 16

A silica tetrahedron is composed of four atoms of the element________ and one atom of _______

Answer 16

Oxygen, silicone

Question 17

A pulverized mineral (usually on a piece of white unglazed porcelain) gives a color called it’s________that is usually more reliable than the color of the specimen itself.

Answer 17

Streak

Question 18

In some minerals bonds are equally strong in all directions, therefore they have no cleavage but instead______ along irregular surfaces that are commonly curved

Answer 18

Fracture

Question 19

What is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust?

Answer 19

Oxygen

Question 20

Some minerals have the same composition but different crystal structures. What is this phenomenon called?

Answer 20

Polymorphism

Question 21

How many elements make up the earth’s crust(by weight)

Answer 21

8

Question 22

Which of the following substances is the only mineral listed: Clam shell, bone,ice,water, synthetic diamond

Answer 22

Ice

Question 23

Radioactive isotopes are particularity important to geologists as we use them to_________

Answer 23

Determine the age of rocks

Question 24

What are the 8 elements that make up 98% of the Earth’s crust?

Answer 24

Oxygen, silicone, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium

Question 25

How do volcanic eruptions affect the climate?

Answer 25

By spewing large amounts of fine volcanic dust and gas into the atmosphere, blocking solar radiation, and resulting in worldwide temperature drop

Question 26

What is the name given to a frothy volcanic glass with an abundance of vesicles?

Answer 26

Pumice

Question 27

Name all of the type(sizes) of pyroclastic materials?

Answer 27

Dust- <1/8 mm Ash-1/8-2 mm Cinder or Lapilli-2-64 mm Block or Bombs > 64mm

Question 28

What do we call the numerous volcanoes that circle the edge of the Pacific Ocean?

Answer 28

Circum-Pacific Belt-Ring of Fire

Question 29

List the volcanic hazards we discussed in the lecture.

Answer 29

Pyroclastic flows, pyroclastic fall, suffocation by hot tems from the pyroclastic surges and deadly gases (cardon dioxide, lahars (destructive mud flow on the slope of a volcano, volcanic mudflow), famine, volcanic lightning

Question 30

By definition stocks differ from batholiths in _______

Answer 30

Size. batholiths are large plutons (exposed over > 100 km2) and stocks are small plutons (exposed over < 100 km2)

Question 31

A discordant (cuts across sedimentary beds) shallow intrusive igneous structure is called a _______

Answer 31

Dike

Question 32

____________ is the predominant igneous rock of the continents

Answer 32

Granite (felsic)

Question 33

Mafic magma is generated at divergent boundaries because of what process?

Answer 33

Decompression melting

Question 34

________ igneous rocks, like gabbro and basalt, are silica-deficient, with high magnesium and iron

Answer 34

Mafic

Question 35

Granite and _________ are composed predominantly of feldspar and quartz

Answer 35

Rhyolite

Question 36

What type of volcano is built up by successive eruptions of mafic lava, has gentle slopes and often contains lava tubes?

Answer 36

Shield Volcano

Question 37

What volcano is composed of loose pyroclastic material, such as loose cinders, that forms steep slopes?

Answer 37

Cinder cones

Question 38

What type of volcano are large volcanic craters or depressions of at least 1 km in diameter, and are the result of a very violent eruption?

Answer 38

Calderas

Question 39

A change in magma composition due to melting of surrounding country rock is called what?

Answer 39

Assimilation

Question 40

The difference in texture between intrusive and extrusive rocks is primarily due to what?

Answer 40

Crystal size

Question 41

The difference in crystal size is determined by what?

Answer 41

Rate of cooling of the magma

Question 42

Igneous rocks may be either __________ if they form on or near the Earth's surface, or __________ if they solidify underground

Answer 42

Extrusive, intrusive

Question 43

A useful tool illustrating the relationships among ingenuous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock is called the___________

Answer 43

Bowen's reaction series

Question 44

___________ are fragments of country rock that are distinct from the body of igneous rocks in which they are enclosed

Answer 44

Xenoliths

Question 45

Which of the following rock is not an intrusive igneous rock: Gabbro, Diorite, Granite, Andesite

Answer 45

Andesite

Question 46

What is the sequence of crystallization along the discontinuous branch of Bowen's reaction series from high temperature of formation to low temperature of formation?

Answer 46

Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, muscovite

Question 47

What is the name for the picking up and physical removal of rock particles by an agent such as wind, flowing water or glaciers?

Answer 47

Erosion

Question 48

What is the group of destructive processes that change the physical and chemical of rocks at the Earth's surface called?

Answer 48

Weathering

Question 49

Frost wedging is most effective ________ - In areas with many days of freezing and thawing - In the winter when the rock is frozen solid for months on end - In the spring and fall in the very dry desert areas where temps dip below 0 degrees C at night and above 0 degrees C during the day - In the summer when abundant rainfall percolates through the cracks to freeze in contact with the very cold rock found deep below the surface

Answer 49

In areas with many days of freezing and thawing

Question 50

The removal of a great weight of rock above a batholith by erosion allows the granite to expand forming _______ joints

Answer 50

Sheet

Question 51

Which landform is created from unloading?

Answer 51

Exfoliation domes

Question 52

The ________ cycle describes the process in which this dominant greenhouse gas circulates among Earth's systems?

Answer 52

Carbon

Question 53

The ________ horizon is the dark colored soil horizon that is rich in organic material and forms just below the surface vegetation

Answer 53

A

Question 54

Plants and burrowing organisms contribute to soil development by__________ - Establishing small holes and pathways for water and nutrients to flow - Contributing carbon dioxide and organic acids - Contributing their waste products, which act as nutrients - Breaking up the solid particles and churning the soil profile - All of the answers are correct

Answer 54

All of the answers are correct

Question 55

Differential weathering results in __________ - Rounded rocks and landscapes - The disintegration of feldspar to clay - Dynamic landscapes of steep cliffs and shallow slopes - Rocks peeling away in layers - Large rocks heaved to the surface

Answer 55

Dynamic landscapes of steep cliffs and shallow slopes

Question 56

The rusting of material containing iron as an example of the chemical weathering process of ____________

Answer 56

Oxidation

Question 57

What is the single most effective agent of chemical weathering at the Earth's surface?

Answer 57

Carbonic acid

Question 58

In order of decreasing size (largest first) sedimentary grains contain?

Answer 58

Gravel, sand, silt, and clay

Question 59

Under what condition is sediment considered to be "well sorted"?

Answer 59

If the grains are are approximately the same size

Question 60

_________ is the process by which sediment grains are selected and separated according to grain size by agent of transportation

Answer 60

Sorting

Question 61

_________ are sedimentary rocks deposited by direct precipitation of minerals from water

Answer 61

Chemical rocks

Question 62

A __________ is a layer of sedimentary rock with a vertical change in particle size, usually from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top

Answer 62

Graded bed

Question 63

___________ form only in fine grained sediments that are exposed to air

Answer 63

Mudcracks

Question 64

The two primary types of carbonate sedimentary rocks are ________ and dolostone

Answer 64

Limestone

Question 65

Asymmetrical ____________ are produced by a current flowing in a single direction

Answer 65

Ripple marks

Question 66

In sandstone, a thick bed will often consist if a series of thinner inclined beds called________

Answer 66

Cross beds

Question 67

A _________ is a body of rock of considerable thickness that is large enough to be mappable and with characteristics that distinguish it from adjacent rocks

Answer 67

Formation

Question 68

A _______ is a body of sediment deposited when a river flows into standing water, such as a lake or sea

Answer 68

Delta

Question 69

Reefs are massive deposits of _________

Answer 69

Limestone

Question 70

Deposition occurs when the agent of transportation no longer has the __________ needed to move the sediment

Answer 70

Force/energy

Question 71

In which environments of deposition would shale most likely be created?

Answer 71

Lake bottoms, deltas a the end of rivers, river flood plains and deep ocean floors

Question 72

Geologists describe shale as being fissle, which means it __________

Answer 72

Breaks along irregular approximately parallel surfaces or splits into layers

Question 73

Rock salt and Gypsum are both________

Answer 73

Evaporites

Question 74

A cross breaded sandstone is formed when _______

Answer 74

Sand moves as a mitigating ripple or dune

Question 75

Compaction and cementation are two processes of _________

Answer 75

Lithification

Question 76

Which is not a chemical or organic sedimentary rock? - Rock salt - Shale - Limestone - Gypsum

Answer 76

Shale, formed by a mechanical process

Question 77

The major difference between breccia and conglomerate is ________

Answer 77

The roundness of its larger particles (rounded=conglomerate, angular=breccia)

Question 78

Shale differs from mudstone in that_________

Answer 78

Mudstone breaks into blocky pieces and shale breaks into thin layers

Question 79

A sedimentary rock made of fragments of preexisting rock is called a ______rock

Answer 79

Clastic

Question 80

Clues to the nature of the source are of sediment can be found in - the composition of the sediment - sedimentary structures - rounding of sediment - all the answers are correct

Answer 80

Sedimentary structures