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Geology 109 > Geology Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Geology Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Igneous Rocks

A
  • Classified by composition and crystal size
  • Created when magma cools
  • Rapid cooling creates fine crystals, slow creates coarse crystals
  • Mostly made of silicates
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2
Q

Felsic Rock

A
  • Igneous rock
  • Found in continental crust
  • Mostly silicon and aluminum
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3
Q

Mafic Igneous Rocks

A
  • Igneous rock
  • Found in oceanic crust
  • High in magnesium and iron
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4
Q

Sedimentary Rocks

A
  • Produced by weathering, erosion etc,

- Contains a lot of skeletal / shell material and other sediments (clays, sand etc.)

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5
Q

Siliciclastic Rocks

A
  • Sedimentary rocks

- Composed of silicate minerals such as quartz, feldspar and mafic

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6
Q

Conglomerate

A

Made from a variety of pebbles

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7
Q

Clastic Rocks

A

Sorted by size

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8
Q

Chemical Rocks

A
  • Formed by evaporation of seawater

- Rich in halides and sulfates

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9
Q

Carbonate Rocks

A
  • Made from sediments

- Mostly tropical or subtropical

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10
Q

Sedimentary Structures

A
  • Ripples formed by wind and water
  • Cracks
  • Synsedimentary deformation (convolute bedding)
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11
Q

Symmetrical Current

A

Ripples made by wind or water moving in two directions

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12
Q

Asymmetrical Current

A

Ripples made by wind or water moving in one direction

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13
Q

Desiccation

A
  • Type of crack

- Extreme drying of rock

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14
Q

Catastrophism

A

Belief that supernatural forces caused global floods that influenced rock

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15
Q

Actualism

A
  • Belief that geological events should only be explained in terms of fact and recorded events
  • Replaced catastrophism in the 19th century
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16
Q

Abraham Gottlob Werner

A
  • Supported catastrophism

- Believed rocks formed from minerals that precipitated in a sea that flooded the Earth

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17
Q

James Hutton

A
  • Promoted actualism

- Believed scientific processes created / destroyed rocks

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18
Q

Charles Lyell

A
  • Popularized actualism with publication of “Principles of Geology”
  • Controversial ideas
  • Believed in uniformitarianism
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19
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

The belief that changes in the crust are due to chemical and biological processes

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20
Q

Plate Tectonics

A
  • Called continental drift
  • Unifying theory of geology
  • Predicts and explains geological phenomena (natural disasters, mountain formation, geography etc)
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21
Q

Lithospheric Plates

A
  • Sections of the lithosphere that move
  • Some carry oceanic crust and others carry continental crust
  • Movement of these plates is called plate tectonics
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22
Q

Spreading Zones

A
  • Plates move away from mid-oceanic ridges
  • Forms new oceanic crust
  • Plates move along the edges
  • Also called Mid-Oceanic Rift
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23
Q

Mid-Ocean Ridge

A

Heat from asthenosphere causes the spreading zones to swell and separate, causing a trench

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24
Q

Transform Faults

A
  • Plates slide along one another

- Strike-Slip fault

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25
Q

Mantle Convection

A

Slow, creeping movements made by solid, uppermost mantle caused by heat currents coming from the Earth’s surface

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26
Q

Subduction Zones

A
  • Places where plates descend into trenches
  • Partial melting of upper mantle
  • Oceanic crust gets recycled
  • Accretionary prism is formed
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27
Q

Accretionary Prism

A

Welling of scraped up sediment piled on the upper plate in a subduction zone

28
Q

Divergent Boundaries

A
  • Plates move apart

- Upwelling of magma from crust

29
Q

Convergent Boundaries

A
  • Plates move together

- Descent of oceanic crust into mantle

30
Q

Plate Boundaries

A
  • Associated with faulting
    1. Normal faults - extension (divergent)
    2. Reverse faults - compression (convergent)
    3. Strike-Slip faults - sliding past (transform)
31
Q

Continental Drift

A
  • Created by Alfred Wegener
  • Rotation of Earth caused Pangea to break apart and spread toward the poles
  • Theory was incomplete and had no evidence
32
Q

Crust

A
  • Upper most layer of Earth
  • Oceanic crust / mafic rock
  • High in iron and magnesium
33
Q

Mantle

A
  • High in olivine

- Slushy consistency

34
Q

Core

A
  • Solid iron inner core

- Liquid iron outer core

35
Q

Moho Discontinuity

A

Boundary between the crust and the mantle

36
Q

Lithosphere

A

Crust and solid uppermost mantle

37
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Upper, dutile mantle

38
Q

Big Bang

A
  • Occurred about 10b years ago
  • Expansion > redshift > increase in light wavelength > galaxies move apart
  • Around 2t galaxies
39
Q

Our galaxy

A
  • 100-400b stars
  • Formed less than 10b years ago by gravitational collapse of dense gas clouds
  • Stars form by condensing in spiral arms
40
Q

Sun

A

Formed by the collapse of a star

41
Q

Supernova

A

Exploding star

42
Q

Planets

A
  • Formed from rotating dust clouds shortly after formation of the sun
  • Inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
  • Asteroid Belt
  • Outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
  • Oort Cloud
43
Q

Meteorites

A
  • 3 types:
    1. Stony
    2. Iron
    3. Stony-Iron
44
Q

Comets

A
  • Formed by ice and rock

- Come from Oort Cloud beyond Neptune

45
Q

Early Earth

A
  • Denser core
  • Mostly molten iron
  • Many meteorite attacks
46
Q

Earth now

A
  • Solid / liquid core
  • Cooler
  • Formation of crust and mantle
47
Q

Moon

A
  • Mars sized body of rock struck Earth; formed moon
  • 30-60m years after formation of Earth
  • Small, metallic core
  • No magnetic field
48
Q

Mars

A

Polar ice caps, dust storms and water in soil

49
Q

Atom

A
  • Electrons
  • Nucleus (protons and neutrons)
  • Neutral charge
50
Q

Atomic Number

A

= Number of protons

51
Q

Mass Number / Atomic Weight

A

= Protons + Neutrons

52
Q

Isotopes

A
  • Different atomic weight of same element

- Vary in number of neutrons

53
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

2 or more atoms forming a molecule

54
Q

Covalent Bonds

A
  • Electrons are shared

- Strongest bond

55
Q

Ionic Bond

A

One atom loses electrons to another

56
Q

Ion

A
  • Charged atom
  • Cation: positive charge
  • Anion: negative charge
57
Q

Crystal Lattice

A
  • 3D molecular structure of molecules
  • Configuration related to size and number of ions

Note: some minerals (such as sapphires and rubies) are chemically the same, but impurities in their lattice will make them present as different minerals!

58
Q

Mineral Properties

A

Hardness, density, crystal habit (shape), colour etc.

59
Q

Mineral Types

A
  • Over 4500 known, but 2 dozen common types
  • Silicates (olivine, feldspar, quartz etc.)
  • Carbonates, sulfates, halides etc.
60
Q

Silicates

A
  • Most common mineral

- Mostly formed from silica and oxygen

61
Q

Lithification

A
  • Process of sediments becoming rocks
  • Neomorphism (recrystallization of CaCO3)
  • Replacement (mineral transfer)
  • Dissolution
62
Q

Metamorphic Rock

A
  • Formed by high temperature and pressure

- Fluid composition

63
Q

Metamorphic Grade

A

Level of pressure / temperature at time of formation

64
Q

Regional Metamorphism

A

Formed by high pressure and temperature

65
Q

Contact metamorphism

A

Formed by high temperature with igneous intrustion

66
Q

Sedimentary Environments

A
  • Sediment created, deposited and recorded in marine or terrestrial environments
  • Accumulation in sedimentary basins
  • Characteristics provide evidence on how / when rock was formed
  • Can contain paleosols (fossil soils) and lake (lacustrine) deposits

Geology 109 (3 decks)

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