geology exam 4

Question 1

plate tectonic processes that produce mountains and volcanoes

Answer 1

constructive

Question 2

processes that serve as erosional agents

Answer 2

destructive

Question 3

solid mass moves downhill landslides, rockslides

Answer 3

slides

Question 4

solid mass rotates and slides downhill

Answer 4

slumps

Question 5

material flows downhill as separate pieces, not a solid mass soil creep, solifluction, mudflow, debris avalanche

Answer 5

flows

Question 6

the steepest angle of descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can be piled without slumping

Answer 6

angle of repose

Question 7

a type of creep characterized by the slow, downward progression of rock and soil down a low-grade slope

Answer 7

soil creep

Question 8

the accumulation of debris in sheets or cones at the bases of rock walls

Answer 8

talus

Question 9

land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances via small streams to a major river

Answer 9

watershed

Question 10

the entire area whose water flows into a particular stream

Answer 10

drainage basin

Question 11

a triangle-shaped deposit of gravel, sand, and smaller pieces of sediment that forms when a stream gradient decreases suddenly

Answer 11

alluvial fan

Question 12

the ridge of sand and gravel developed on the inside of a stream meander

Answer 12

point bar

Question 13

form when water floods out of the channel and spreads out, depositing sediment

Answer 13

flood plain

Question 14

wetlands that form where a stream flows into a large body of standing water

Answer 14

delta

Question 15

what is created as the natural movement of a body of water pushes sediment to the side

Answer 15

natural levee

Question 16

two consecutive crossing points of sinuous and down-valley axes

Answer 16

meander loop

Question 16

two consecutive crossing points of sinuous and down-valley axes

Answer 16

meander loop

Question 17

a fluvial process of erosion that lengthens a stream, a valley, or a gully at its head

Answer 17

headward erosion

Question 18

indicates rocks of equal erodability

Answer 18

dendritic drainage pattern

Question 19

the greek work for leaf

Answer 19

dendron

Question 20

indicates alternating bands with different resistance to erosion

Answer 20

trellis drainage pattern

Question 21

forms in rocks that are cut by a series of perpendicular joints and faults

Answer 21

rectangular drainage pattern

Question 22

outward stream flow indicates a topographic high (volcano or a similar mountain)

Answer 22

radial pattern 1

Question 23

inward stream flow indicates a topographic basin

Answer 23

radial pattern 2

Question 24

consists of a network of river channels separated by small islands

Answer 24

braided stream

Question 25

shoreline relative to sea level

Answer 25

emergent

Question 26

shoreline sinking relative to sea level

Answer 26

submergent

Question 27

the narrow, flat area found at the base of a sea cliff

Answer 27

wave cut cliffs

Question 28

a landform consisting of steep and vertical columns of rock near a coast formed by wave erosion

Answer 28

sea stacks

Question 29

a natural arch made of stone created when water wears away the underside of a rock, leaving just the top behind

Answer 29

sea arches

Question 30

combination of erosion and deposition

Answer 30

tombolos

Question 31

the largest glaciers and form on large flat areas with abundant snowfall

Answer 31

ice sheets

Question 32

flow downhill from basic on mountainsides and are typically confined to individual valleys previously carved by streams

Answer 32

valley (alpine) glaciers

Question 33

indicates the shape change of a material through bending

Answer 33

ductile deformation

Question 34

indicates the shape change of a material through breaking

Answer 34

brittle deformation

Question 35

the addition of snow and ice to the glacier, increasing its mass

Answer 35

accumulation

Question 36

all processes that cause a glacier to lose ice and snow, decreasing its mass (melting, sublimation, calving)

Answer 36

ablation

Question 37

direct change from ice to water vapor

Answer 37

sublimation

Question 38

large chunks break off the end of the glacier, forming icebergs

Answer 38

calving

Question 39

the end of a glacier (may advance, retreat, or stagnate)

Answer 39

terminus

Question 40

the terminus moves farther from the snowfield when accumulation is greater than ablation

Answer 40

glacial advance

Question 41

the terminus moves toward the snowfield when ablation is greater than accumulation

Answer 41

glacial retreat

Question 42

when the flow of new ice is matched by the rate of melting

Answer 42

glacial stagnation

Question 43

material deposited directly from a melting glacier with very poor sorting

Answer 43

till

Question 44

material carried away from the glacier by meltwater

Answer 44

outwash

Question 45

large boulders made from rock types that are different from those in the area they are found

Answer 45

erratic

Question 46

a ridge of till deposited at the terminus of a glacier during a period of stagnation

Answer 46

terminal moraines

Question 47

a ridge of till deposited after a glacier retreats from its maximum extent and then stagnates for a while

Answer 47

recessional moraines

Question 48

a blanket of till deposited from ice

Answer 48

ground moraines

Question 49

ridges of till formed from blocks of sediment that fell on the alpine glacier from valley walls

Answer 49

lateral moraines

Question 50

ridges of till formed when lateral moraines from two glaciers merge

Answer 50

medial moraines

Question 51

a person or thing that precipitates an event

Answer 51

catalyst