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German > German Culture A1.1 > Flashcards

German Culture A1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of Germany today in it’s current political form?

A

Bundesrepublik Deutschland oder die Bundeslander

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2
Q

What is the estimated population of Germany today?

A

82 million

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3
Q

What is the name of the German Constitution and when was it written?

A

Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, written in 1948

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4
Q

What part of the German Constitution cannot be changed and how is the Constitution changed otherwise?

A

The first 20 paragraphs cannot be changed by any power and the rest of the Constitution may be changed with a 2/3 majority vote of the Bundestag only

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5
Q

What are the three branches of parliament?

A

The legislative branch, the executive branch and the judicial branch

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6
Q

What forms the legislative branch of parliament?

A

The Bundestag und the Bundesrat

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7
Q

What forms the executive branch of parliament?

A

The Bundesregierung

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8
Q

What forms the judicial branch of parliament?

A

The Bundesverfassunggericht

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9
Q

What is the difference between the Bundestag and the Bundesrat?

A

The Bundestag is elected federal parliament and the Bundesrat is representation of parties at state level which are delegated not elected

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10
Q

How often are elections held?

A

Every four years

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11
Q

Who elects the Bundeskanzler

A

The Bundestag

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12
Q

What does the Bundestag control?

A

The Bundesregierung which is the federal government, where the government’s legislative initiatives are assessed and amended

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13
Q

What is the role of the Bundesrat?

A

They participate in laws that are affective at state level and those which require consent

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14
Q

What is the role of the Bundespräsident and how are they elected?

A

They are the head of the state, in this case Joachim Gauck, who have the ceremonial position of signing bills into laws, they appoint members of the Bundesregierung including the Bundeskanzler and Bundesminister. They are elected every five years by the Bundesversammlung (including members of the Bundestag and delegates chosen by state parliaments)

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15
Q

What is the role of the Bundeskanzler/in and how are they elected/removed?

A

They are the head of government, in this case Dr. Angela Merkel (CDU), who is the central executive authority in Germany. They are elected upon presentation by the Bundespräsident and removed by Konstruktives Misstrauensvotum, by removing a new chancellor.

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16
Q

What are the political parties currently represented in the Bundestag and which are the three parties that form government?

A

CDU - Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Angela Merkel)
CSU - Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern (Horst Seehofer)
SPD - Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Sigmar Gabriel)
These parties form government
Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (Cem Özdemir and Simone Peter)
Die Linke (Katja Kipping and Bernd Riexinger)

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17
Q

How long has Germany existed in its current political formation?

A

Since October 1990

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18
Q

How many federal states are there?

A

There are 16 Bundesländer and each has its own constitution and institutions

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19
Q

What are the 16 Bundesländer and what are their Landeshauptstäde?

A 
Baden-Württemberg - Stuttgart
Bayern - München
Berlin - Berlin
Brandenburg - Potsdam
Bremen - Bremen
Hamburg - Hamburg
Hessen - Wiesbaden
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - Schwerin
Niedersachsen - Hannover
Nordrhein-Westfalen - Düsseldorf
Rheinland-Pfalz - Mainz
Saarland - Saarbrücken
Sachsen - Dresden
Sachsen-Anhalt - Magdeburg
Schleswig-Holstein - Kiel
Thüringen - Erfurt
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20
Q

What are the most populous cities in Germany?

A

Berlin - 3.5 million
Hamburg - 1.8 million
München - 1.4 million

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21
Q

What is Germany’s role in the EU?

A

It is the most populous member state with the most powerful economy and largest contribution to the budget. It is in favour of European integration in the EU except for the Alternative for Deutschland party.

22
Q

What is the brief history of the European Union?

A

1957 - Treaties of Rome, establishment of a European community
1979 - European parliament established, founding members were Belgium, France, West-Germany, Italy, Luxemburg and the Netherlands
1992, 1997, 2007 - Various treaties made further steps to integration
199/2001 - Euro was introduced

23
Q

What are the four main issues the EU faces today?

A
  • Integration or involution?
  • The Euro Crisis is a common currency going to survive with the Debt Crisis?
  • Ukraine Crisis, are they oriented to the west or Russia, EU members do not have a good relationship with Russia, there is an initiative to negotiate peace
  • Refugee Crisis, should there be national or European solutions?
24
Q

What are the main political formations of Germany throughout history?

A

843 : Treaty of Verdun - division int Kingdom of France and Kingdom of Germany
962 (-1806): Heiliges Römisches Reich
1512: Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation
1815-1866: Deutscher Bund
1871: Prussian-Led national state Deutsches Reich
1949: Foundation of Bundesrepublik Deutschland and Deutsche Demokratische Republik
1990: Bundesrepublik Deutschland

25
Q

Who ruled the Heiliges Römisches Reich?

A

The Heiliges Römisches Reich was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor which in 962 was Otto I who was the king of Germany and Italy and was crowned by the Pope. This kingdom was centred around the kingdom of Germany.

26
Q

Who was the historian responsible for recovering/creating German tradition?

A

In 1454 Tactus’ published a book Germania which was discovered in a German monastery where it was republished later. This book accounted the customs of the Germanic tribes and served as a German national myth from the 1500s

27
Q

What impact did the 30 Years War have on the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation?

A

Severe reduction of the population from 15 million to 10 million occurred along with disintegration of the Empire and the rise the German Territorial Princes; Bavaria (House of Wittelsbach), Saxony (House of Wettin), Hannover (House of Braunschweig-Lüneburg), Brandenburg-Prussia (House of Hohenzollern)

28
Q

How did the Age of Revolutions affect Germany?

A

The political revolution in France 1789 replaced the feudal society and the Industrial Revolution in the early 1800s in England replaced existing methods of production. This lead to modernisation of absolutist systems in Germany and the concept of Aufgekläter Absolutismus

29
Q

What led to the dissolution of the Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation?

A

The rise of Napoleon, the political reorganisation of Germany and secularization of the ecclestic states. Finally in 1806, due to pressure from Napoleon, Kaiser Franz II gives up the crown. Prussia collapsed soon after in 1807 and was occupied.

30
Q

During the period of the Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation how did Prussia rise to power?

A

Prussia was led during 1640-88 by Friedrich Wilhelm I (The great king)
In 1701 the Brandenburg-Prussian state was created
From 1713-1740 they were led by Friedrich I the soldier King
Friedrich II was an enlightened despot and invested in intellectual pursuits and promoted social and legal reforms to make Prussia the most modern state in Europe

31
Q

During the period of the Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation how did Austria rise to power?

A

They rose as a major power within and outside of the Roman Empire and a multi-nation state. They were catholic under the Habsburg dynasty and also experience a period of Enlightened Despotism under Maria Theresia (1717-1780) (officially Franz I) and Joseph II (1741-1790). They competed heavily with Prussia.

32
Q

How did the Age of Romanticism affect the development of a German nation?

A

The romantics helped to create a national narrative based upon language (liguistic roots in gothic), history and tradition. This can be seen in King Ludwig’s castles and Richard Wagner’s music, which also helped to develop the Cultural Nation.

33
Q

How did the German National Consciousness develop?

A

Differences between the different German states of the Deutscher Bund (1815-1866) were placed aside for the common aim of throwing off French rule. The Germans were unified and turned from cosmopolitans to nationalists.

34
Q

How did the Deutscher Bund develop?

A

The Deutscher Bund was the result of the congress of Vienna which aimed to restore the oppressive political systems across Europe. There was the discussion of whether it would be possible to develop a German state, but the princes were afraid it would change the balance of power and that it was anti-feudal.

35
Q

What lead to the Paulskirchenversammlung 1848?

A

There was a formation of a political opposition against the repressive system after the Vienna Congress, leading to the new social class, proletarians and the social question.

36
Q

What was the events of the Paulskirchenversammlung?

A

The assembly produced the Paulskirchenverfassung (constitution), which provided a foundation of basic rights based on principals of parliamentary democracy. Austrian delegates were excluded in favor of a Kleindeutschland under the leadership of Prussia rather than a Großdeutschland. This would be a constitutional monarchy, however the Prussian king refused to accept the role of emperor as he would not take the crown from the people only the princes.

37
Q

What were the consequences of the failed revolution of 1848?

A

By 1850 feudal social relations were abolished over Germany and politcial systems were less oppressive, an organisation of the economy in a liberal mode allowed for rapid economic development in the 1850s and there was the formation of political groupings.

38
Q

How did the economy develop following the failed revolution of 1848?

A

Coal, iron and textile production expanded, railways were built, there was the formation of the working class, GNP per capita grew by 1/3 from 1857-1870, economic growth was high in Prussia but not in Austria due to the major conflicts in the Balkans and northern Italy

39
Q

How was the Norddeutscher Bund formed?

A

The Norddeutscher Bund (1866-1871) was the result of the Unification Wars. 1864 German-Danish War, Austria and Prussia fought Danish over the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, to be governed as a condominium. 1866 Austro-Prussian war, with Prussian victory dissolves German Confederation and Norddeutscher Bund was formed. This was a true state and excluded Austria, Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, Luxemburg, Limburg, Liechtenstein and southern parts of Grand Duchy of Hesse.

40
Q

Who was the Ministerpräsident of Prussia?

A

Fürst Otto von Bismarck was the ministerpräsident of Prussia from 1862-1890. Bundeskanzler of Norddeutscher Bund 1867-1870 and Reichskanzler from 1871-1890, he was the architect og the unification wars.

41
Q

How did Bismarck unify the German states?

A

The Prussian victory over Austria increase tensions with France who believed a united German would shift the balance of power in Europe. Bismarck believed that if France was seen as the aggressor then the southern states would join the north against them. Premise for war was in 1870 when Prince Leopold was offered the Spanish throne but France blocked his candidacy as he was German. Bismarck published Ems Dispatch a version of conversation between King Wilhelm and French ambassador which seemed disrespectful, inflaming sentiment for war. France declared war July 1870, there was no support for France due to September Revolution in Paris. January 1871, Versailles, proclamation of the German Empire.

42
Q

What were the main changes to Germany during the Deutsches Reich under Bismarck?

A

Germany emerged with strongest economy.
Bismarck created a complex system of treaties due to position.
1870s Attacks on the Catholic Church, Kulturkampf
1880s Antisocialist legislation Sozialistengesetze
Introduction of progressive social insurances system.

43
Q

What were the Alliances created by Bismarck during the Deutsches Reich?

A

Bismarck aimed to secure Germany’s position without war.
1879 Dual Alliance with Austria
1882 Triple Alliance included Italy
1881 Three Emperors’ Alliance with Austria and Russia
Economic Rivalry during 1880s ensured none with Britain
Late 1880s Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to prevent one with France

44
Q

What was the Kulturkampf?

A

1870s campaign against the Catholic Church after the First Vatican Council’s doctrine of Papal infalibility and the formation of the Deutsche Zentrumspartei which protected Catholic interests. Bismarck believed Catholic loyalty was not with the Empire and he suppressed Catholic Organisations, nationalised public schools. The campaign ended 1879 when Bismarck needed the party support after breaking with liberal parties.

45
Q

What was the Sozialistengesetze?

A

1875 Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands formed, considered enemies of the Empire, Bismarck created anti-socialist legislation in 1878. 1880s progressive social insurance enacted (sickness, accident, old age, disability)

46
Q

What foreign policy from 1890s led up to WWI?

A

Germany had the strongest economy in Europe, wanted world power status and traditionally good relationship with Britain turned.
1898 Navy League expanded German Navy to compete with the UK
Alignment of Britain, France and Russia provoked fear of encirclement, war felt inevitable

47
Q

How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand spark WWI?

A

1914, assassinated by Serbian Nationalist, this was not the problem, but it sparked already heated competition between Russia and Austria. Austria consulted German and they gave support to give ultimatum. Serbia was supported by Russia to declare war. Germany invaded France through Belgium, Britain supported Belgium.

48
Q

How did WWI develop within Germany?

A

Expectations of winning the war in weeks were ended due to modern machinery. German economy was not prepared for war, there were food strikes and major riots. In 1917 German government was replaced by an effective military dictatorship under generals Erich Ludendorff and Paul von Hindenburg.

49
Q

What was the Kiel Mutiny and its significance to the end of WWI?

A

November major revolt of the German High Seas Fleet, triggered the revolution that swept away the monarchy.

50
Q

What occurred during the last three days of WWI?

A

9 Nov. German Republic proclaimed by Social Democrats, general strike, and Friedrich Ebert (SPD) became Imperial Chancellor
10 Nov. Emperor Wilhelm exile in Netherlands without abdicating
11 Nov. Collapse of German Empire and ceasefire.

51
Q

What occurred in Austria during 1916-1918?

A

1916 Karl I replaces Franz Joseph as Emperor, tried to restore monarchy until death in 1922.
1917 Peace negotiations with France, unsuccessful and damaged German relationship
Austrian-Hungarian Empire fell apart after WWI
Nov 1918 German Austria declared itself a republic and part of German Republic, forbidden by Entente powers, which also forbid name and changed to Austrian Republic.

52
Q

What were the phases of German settlement in Australia?

A

Early - mid-19th cent. Old Lutherans, Forty Eighters
Gold Rush era in mid 19th cent.
Settlers in Queensland from 1860s-1914
Refugees in late 1930s and 40s due to WW2
Planned migration in 50s and 60s promoted by Australian Government

German (6 decks)

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