GERMAN - POLICIES - Women

Question 1

Germany Ideology

Answer 1

Kinder Kuche Kirche

Women to look after “her husband, her family, her children and her house”

Question 2

Germany Policies for birth rate

Answer 2

Lebensborn not great - 1.1 kids per SS

Marriage rates rose (516,800 in 1932 → 740,000 in 1934), but birth rates only rose modestly (1.2 million → 1.4 million from 1934–1939)

Question 3

Germany Ideology/Social Historian Views

Answer 3

• Lynch → Hitler saw female emancipation as a threat and took strong action against it which was successful in enforcing female subordination. Proved through figures like marriage rates and kind the slight birth rates increase. - Traditionalist
• Koonz → The reason for these increases was not Hitlers actions, but rather than many women supported and participated in the party - Revisionist

Question 4

Germany - propaganda

Answer 4

Mein Kampf sold 5.2 mill in 1939 - highlights sexual polarity

Goebbles “the mission of women is to be beautiful and to bring children”

Emile MUller Zadow (1936) - “The place that Adolf Hitler assigns to woman…corresponds to her natural and divine destiny”

Question 5

Germany - Economic jobs/education restrictions

Answer 5

1933 - Law forf the redution of unemployment to encourage women to leave jobs.

1934 - women banned from law/med

University enrolment limited 10% girls but was ignored (only 17/20% med school reduction).

Question 6

Germany - political exlusion of women

Answer 6

1933 - 19,000 civil servants dismissed

Question 7

Germany - economic- historians

Answer 7

• Koonz → Although much success came from support from women, the Nazis were successful in exploiting/denying them of political and employment rights, such as the aforementioned job bans.
• Geary → However, Geary argues these policies were not very effective as “Ideological purity still had to give some ground to economic necessity,” especially after 1937.

Question 8

Germany - Labour demands overide

Answer 8

1933 - 5 million females emploted to 7.14 in 1939

Stagnated birth rates

Question 9

China - ideology

Answer 9

Mao “Women hold up half the sky”

1954 constitution - “equal rights..in all spheres - political, economic, cultural, social and domestic”

Question 10

China - marriage rights

Answer 10

1953 - 1,300,000 divorces petitioned

Question 11

China - Social - Historians

Answer 11

• Nancy Milton** → “the emancipation of China’s women… [was] a miracle of social change” (highly successful)
• Beverly Hooper** → Policies were “insufficient to change the customs and attitudes of 2000 years of Confucianism”

Question 12

China - Inconsistent enforcement

Answer 12

6,540,000 female infancide in 1950-79

Question 13

China - economic empowerment

Answer 13

• Girls’ education promoted:
  → 1949–59: primary school completion increased from 38% → 100%
• Female employment promoted:
  → 1949–76: proportion of women with jobs increased from 8% → 32%
• Childcare provision expanded:
  → 1949–59: 4,980,000 nurseries/kindergartens built to help women return to work

Question 14

China - political inclusion

Answer 14

1953 law grants right to vote

• Women encouraged to take government jobs:
  → 1954–75: female NPC membership rose from 14% → 23%
• Women represented in All-China Women’s Federation:
  → 1953: 40,000 female officials

Question 15

China Economic Historianas

Answer 15

• Li Zhisui → Although full gender equality wasn’t reached, Mao was “tremendously successful” in promoting it
• Lynch → “[Mao] operated a male-dominated system” and women were often “no better off than before”

Question 16

China - economic burdens/contradictions

Answer 16

Tertiary education - 1976 - 24% of unis were women.

Question 17

China - political power failure

Answer 17

Only 13% of CCP membership

Female federation failed 1973 law to abolish patrilocal marriage