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GCSE history > Germany > Flashcards

Germany Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the emperor to Germany in 1914?

A

Kaiser Willem II

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2
Q

What impacts did war have on Germany?

A
  • no money
  • food shortages
  • Spanish flu
  • the kaiser shares his power
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3
Q

What was the date of the kaisers abdication?

A

9 November 1918

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4
Q

What is article 48?

A

The president can do watever they want in a crisis

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5
Q

What is the name of the German parliament building?

A

Reichstag

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6
Q

What amount of respirations is Germany forced to pay over 66 years?

A

£6.6 billion

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7
Q

What were the main factors that contributed to an increase in the popularity of the nazis?

A
  • the depression
  • German people were unhappy with the Weimar government
  • the appeal of Adolfo hitler
  • the fear of the rise of other extremist parties
  • nazi party structure, methods and tactics
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8
Q

What is socialism?

A

The idea that power and wealth should be shared equally among the people

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9
Q

What did the social Democratic Party believe in?

A

Socialism - they hoped that the Mauser might share some of his power and laws to improve workers rights and conditions

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10
Q

Which people joined the trade unions?

A

Working class

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11
Q

What was weltpolitik?

A

The kaiser wanted to transform Germany into a global power with control over different parts of the world. The word meaning ‘world policy’

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12
Q

Who took the kaisers place as leader of Germany at the end of world war 1?

A

Friedrich Ebert - the leader of Germany’s largest political party (the SPD)

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13
Q

When was the Munich putsch?

A

November 1923

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14
Q

When was the Dawes plan?

A

August 1924

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15
Q

When does Hindenburg become president?

A

February 1925

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16
Q

When does Germany join the League of Nations?

A

January 1926

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17
Q

When was the Wall Street crash?

A

October 1929

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18
Q

When was the knight of the long knives?

A

June 1934

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19
Q

What was the kaiser?

A

Ruled over all the states of Germany - could ignore government advice and make his own decisions, he made all military and foreign policy decisions.

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20
Q

What was the July bomb plot?

A

Army officer Colonel Claus Von Stauffenberg, went to a meeting where hitler was at and other nazis leaders. He had a bomb in his brief case, and then left half way through the meeting leaving the brief case. The bomb killed 4 men and burnt hitlers hair, burst his ear drums and blowing off some of his clothes

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21
Q

How did the swing youth group show opposition to the Nazis?

A

Listing to jazz music and having Jewish friends

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22
Q

How did the white rose group show opposition to the Nazis?

A

Published anti nazi leaflets

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23
Q

What did the Edelweiss do to show nazi opposition?

A

Sang songs like the hitler youth, but changed the words to mock Germany

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24
Q

Why did some Christians support the Nazis?

A
  • Nazis believed in the importance of marriage, the family and moral values, most Christians also believed in these
  • Christian’s feared communism because it was anti-religious, hitler promised to destroy communism
  • Hitler promised to respect the Catholic Church
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25
Q

Why did the Nazis appeal to many women voters?

A

Family life, good morals and discipline are important.

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26
Q

Why were the Nazis popular in the countryside?

A

Farmers were hit hard by the depression because people were not buying as much food and farmers had to lower prices. The Nazis promised farmers higher prices for their crops, a better quality of life, and a higher status in German society.
The Nazis also hated communists, if communists took over they would seize the land that families had farmed for generations.

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27
Q

Why did middle-class people vote for the Nazis?

A

Small business owners, bank workers, doctors and managers, vote for the Nazis in large numbers. Some people’s wages were cut by the government in the depression.
Middle class fear laws and order might break down or communist could take over and destroy their way of life.
The Nazis promised to deal with problems decisively, the Nazis showed order and discipline in this time of chaos

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28
Q

Why might upper classes vote for the Nazis?

A

Nazis promised the wealthy classes strong leadership and a more powerful nation, like the ‘good old days’ when Germany was feared and respected throughout Europe.
Hitler had promised to allow them to run their factories how they want, hitlers plans to use their factories to build weapons, battle ships and fighter planes means they might make even more money.
The Nazis will fight communists and not let them take their businesses.

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29
Q

What what happened at the 1932 Reichstag election?

A

The Nazis were now the largest political party.

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30
Q

When was the Reichstag fire?

A

27 February 1933

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31
Q

What happened at the Reichstag fire?

A

The Reichstag burned down, a young communist, Van Der Lubbe was arrested and blamed for the fire.
Hitler said the fire was part of a communist plot to take over the country.

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32
Q

What was the enabling law?

A

In March 1933, Hitler forced the Reichstag to pass the enabling law, this gave him the power to make laws without asking the rest of the politicians in the Reichstag if g they agreed. Now Hitler didn’t have to worry about what Hindenburg and the Reichstag thought of him.

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33
Q

What was the gestapo?

A

Hitlers secret police

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34
Q

When did Hitler ban all trade unions?

A

2 may 1933

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35
Q

When was the knight of the long knives?

A

30 June 1934

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36
Q

What is the RAD?

A

The National Labour Service, was all men between 18 and 25 had to spend 6 months in the RAD.
They planted forests, mended hedges and dug drainage ditches on farms.
Men in the RAD had to wear uniforms and live in camps, but they were given free meals.
They were paid only pocket money, but at least it was a job.

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37
Q

what is Militarism?

A

The belief that a country should have strong armed forces

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38
Q

What is Industrialisation?

A

Building up a country’s industry on a large scale

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39
Q

What did the Social Democratic Party (SDP) believe in?

A

they believed in socialism - which is the idea that power and wealth should be shared equally among the people.
They hoped that the Kaiser might share some of his power, and allow the Reichstag to make more social reforms or laws to improve workers rights

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40
Q

What is Weltpolitik?

A

The aim to transform Germany into a global power.

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41
Q

What was Germany like during ww1?

A
  • German people started to suffer - the British used their large navy to stop supply ships to Germany - this meant that there were big shortages of food, medicines and clothing.
    in 1915, 500 women gathered in front of the German parliament buildings, and they said they wanted their men back from the trenches.
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42
Q

How did the Germans react to the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • they felt it was too harsh - the treaty took away large areas of land which meant loosing people, factories, farms and mines.
  • They had to pay a large amount of money to the winners too - many Germans felt humiliated
  • they were ordered to sign the treaty, without discussion. they called it a diktak (dictated peace)
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43
Q

What was the impact at the end of the first world war on Germany?

A
  • by 1918, the German people were short of food, they were surviving on turnips and bread
  • a deadly flu epidemic swept the country, killed thousands of people who were already weak from a poor diet
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44
Q

When did the Kaiser abduct?

A

9th November 1918
the kaiser abdicated and secretly left Germany never to return

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45
Q

When did WW1 end?

A

11 November 1918 - Germany surrendered.

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46
Q

What was the impact of war on Germany?

A
  • Germany had borrowed money from abroad (e.g. USA) to pay for the war, this would need paying back
  • The war left 60,000 war widows and 2 million children without fathers - war pensioners would cost the government a fortune in the future
  • German factories had been producing guns, bullets and shells for war, not goods to sell and make money abroad
  • Women worked in factories during the war, some Germans thought that this damaged traditional family values
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47
Q

What is the Spartacus League?

A
  • they believed in communism, they wanted Germany to be run by small councils of soldiers and workers, not by a large parliament
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48
Q

What happened on 6 January 1919?

A
  • The Spartacists tried to take over Berlin.
    -Thousands of them roamed the streets, firing guns and trying to take over important buildings
  • Elbert (SPD leader) responded with a group of 2000 tough ex-soldiers (known as free corps) to attack the Spartacists.
  • After 3 days of brutal street fighting, the Free Corps soldiers recaptured the buildings and arrested Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht the Sparticists leaders. After beating them, the free corpse murdered them. the revolt was over.
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49
Q

What was the Free Corps?

A

a group of ex-soldiers who had recently come home from the war.
They hated communists because they blamed them for stirring up trouble in Germany near the end of the war

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50
Q

What is article 48?

A

In a crisis the president could rule on his own without getting support from the Reichstag

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51
Q

What is proportional representation in the Weimar Government?

A

This meant that lots of different political parties were able to win seats in the Reichstag.
% of votes = % of seats
this made it difficult to introduce new laws and make decisions
between 1919 and 1933 no political party ever won over half of the seats.

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52
Q

What was the Chancellor?

A
  • chosen by the president, usually from the political party with the most votes at an election
  • responsible for day-to-day running of the country e.g. laws, order, taxation, schooling, healthcare
  • they must have the support of at least half the MPs in the Reichstag to introduce new laws
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53
Q

What is the Anschluss?

A

The joining of Austria to Germany.

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54
Q

What was the Germans reaction to the Treaty of Versailles?

A

the Germans hated the treaty
- the treaty took away large areas of land, which meant loosing people, factories, farms and mines
- they felt humiliated and angry
- the treaty had been forced on the Germans, they were ordered to sign it without discussion, they called it a diktat (dictated peace)
- some Germans thought that the war should not have ended and they were betrayed by the November criminals

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55
Q

Who were the November criminals?

A

Several of the politicians who signed the treaty of armistice which ended WW1 - they were leaders of the Weimar government.
Some Germans felt betrayed by the as they felt the war was not over, and thought the Germans could of carried on fighting

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56
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • £6.6billion in respirations
  • only allowed an army of 100,000 soldiers
  • only allowed 6 battleships
  • no submarines, tanks or air force
  • no Anschluss - uniting with Austria
  • No German soldiers should enter the Rhineland
  • Large areas of German land is to be used to create new countries e.g. Poland and Czechoslovakia
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57
Q

What was the Ruhr?

A

A rich, industrial area of Germany.

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58
Q

Why did the French and Belgians invade the Ruhr?

A
  • In 1922, the next payment of respirations from the Treaty of Versailles was due
  • The Germans announced that they could not afford to pay
  • The French and Belgium’s did not believe the Germans and decided to take what they were owed by force
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59
Q

What happened in the invasion of the Ruhr?

A
  • January 1923, 60,000 French and Belgium soldiers marched into the Ruhr, a rich and industrial area of Germany.
  • They took control of every factory, mine and railway in the region
  • They also took food and goods from the shops and arrested any Germany who stood up to them
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60
Q

When did the French and Belgians invade the Ruhr?

A

January 1923

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61
Q

How many French and Belgian soldiers marched into the Ruhr?

A

60,000

62
Q

What happened after the invasion of the Ruhr?

A
  • French and Belgian soldiers began to take what was owed to them from Germany back to France
  • German Government ordered the workers in the Ruhr not to fight back, but to go on strike and not help the soldiers remove any goods from the country, this was known as passive resistance
  • French and Belgian soldiers were tough with the strikers, over 100 of them were killed and 15,000 people were thrown out of their homes as a punishment
  • The German government met to discuss the crisis, they promised to continue paying the workers on strike, because they were only doing what the government told them to do. Germany was running short of money because the Ruhr was not producing coal, iron and steel to sell to other nations
  • to pay their striking workers the government printed large amounts of money, but this caused lots of problems
  • the striking workers were being paid for not working, and began to spend their money quickly. In response, shopkeepers began to put up their prices.
  • shops raised their prices all over Germany, the government responded by printing even more money to help people buy things. But the more money the government printed, the faster prices went up.
  • the faster prices went up the faster people spent their wages. soon workers were being paid twice a day. They carried their wages around in wheelbarrows, which was not even enough to buy a decent meal. the price of goods rose between joining the back of a queue and reaching the front.
  • The German government and the Weimar politicians lost a lot of support in 1923, since people looked for someone to blame because their savings had become worthless.
63
Q

How did the price of a loaf of bread change from 1921-1923?

A

December 1921- 4 marks
September 1923 - 1.5 million
November 1923 - 201 billion marks

64
Q

What was the impact of hyperinflation on Germans?

A
  • People with savings in a bank were affected the most - some people had saved all their lives to get 1000 marks in the bank, by 1923 this would not even buy them a loaf of bread
  • Elderly people who lived on pensions found that their income would not buy them what they needed anymore
  • Many small businesses collapsed as normal trade became impossible because of the daily price changes
  • People who had borrowed money found it very easy to pay off their debt, these people benefitted.
65
Q

What was the Kapp Putsch?

A
  • right-wing group led by Wolfgang Kapp, in March 1920 he gathered around 5000 men (the free corps), mainly police officers and ex-soldiers, and took over Berlin.
  • He aimed to eventually take over the whole country, make the army strong again, and then recover the lands Germany had lost in the Treaty of Versailles.
  • President Ebert and the rest of the government fled from Berlin
  • Kapp did not have the support of the workers so they all went on strike, resulting in no gas, water, electricity or trains.
  • After only 100 hours as Germanys leader, Kapp gave in and fled abroad
  • Ebert and his government returned to Berlin.
66
Q

Who lead the Kapp Putsch rebellion?

A

Wolfgang Kapp

67
Q

When was the Kapp Putsch?

A

March 1920

68
Q
A
69
Q

Was the Kapp Putsch a right or left wing group?

A

right-wing group

70
Q

How many men did Wolfgang Kapp gather for the Munich Putsch?

A

5000 men
The Free Corpse - mainly police and ex soldiers

71
Q

What was Wolfgang Kapp’s aim for the Kapp Putsch?

A
  • take over the whole country
  • make the army strong again
  • recover the lands Germany had lost in the Treaty of Versailles
72
Q

What was the Red Rising in the Ruhr?

A
  • as soon as Kapp fled abroad, left-wing workers in the industrial area of the Ruhr stayed on strike, rose up and took over several towns
  • It was known as the Red Rising because red is the traditional colour of communists and left-wing supporters
  • the government sent soldiers and some Free Corpse units to deal with the rebellion
  • over 1000 workers were killed
73
Q

How many workers were killed because of the Red Rising?

A

Over 1000 workers were killed

74
Q

What happened to Matthias Erzberger?

A

In August 1921 Matthias Erzberger, the man who signed the armistice in 1918 was shot dead by a right wing group

75
Q

How many political murders were there in Germany between 1919-1922?

A

There were over 350 political murders in Germany, mostly carried out by right-wing extremists.

76
Q

What were the left-wing beliefs in Germany?

A
  • workers should have power and rule the country as a collection of workers’ councils
  • There should be equality with no different classes and no huge differences of wealth of people in a country
  • change is welcome
  • left-wing views should be spread throughout the world
  • anti-right-wing
  • an example of a left wing part is the communists party
77
Q

What were the right-wing beliefs in Germany?

A
  • strong leaders should rule over the people
  • there are, and should be major differences between people, classes and races
  • Own country should be strong and powerful, with a large empire
  • change is not welcome
  • anti-left-wing
  • an example of a right-wing party is the Nazis
78
Q

When did Hitler first discover the German workers party?

A

May 1919

79
Q

Where did the members of the German workers party meet?

A

Beer Halls

80
Q

What changes did Hitler make to the German Workers Party when he became leader?

A
  • He designed anew flag and symbol, the swastika, in order to attract attention.
  • He set up a private army of thugs to beat up anyone who disagreed with him, they were known as the stormtroopers (SA), they wore a brown uniform and a swastika armband. This violent group of mostly ex-soldiers would guard Hitlers meetings and disrupt meetings of other political parties
  • He changed the parties name to National Socialists German Workers Party (NSDAP) known as the Nazis
  • Under Hitlers influence the Nazi party grew, there were 3000 members in 1920 and 5000 in 1921
81
Q

What is the Munich Putsch?

A
  • On 8 November 1923, Hitler interrupted a meeting in a beer hall in Munich where Gustav von Kahr, the head of the Bavarian government was speaking.
  • Hitler fired a bullet into the ceiling and announced that he was taking over Bavaria (Bavaria is a region of Germany, Munich is its biggest city) and then he would march to the German capital of Berlin and take over the whole country.
  • He locked Kahr and his companions in a small room
  • Then General Ludendorff, a great German war hero who knew about the plan, walked in and said he supported Hitler.
  • Around Munich Hitlers stormtroopers took control of the government buildings and arrested officials.
82
Q

When was the Munich Putsch?

A

8 November 1923

83
Q

What did the stormtroopers wear?

A

brown uniform and a swastika armband

84
Q

What happened the morning after the Munich Putsch?

A
  • Kahr promised to help him and was released, but he went back on his word and contacted the police.
  • When Hitler and about 2000 supporters began their march through Munich’s street, they were met by armed police.
  • After a short gun battle, 3 policemen and 16 Nazi were dead. Hitler was wounded with a dislocated shoulder, and he and Ludendorff were arrested and taken to prison.
  • Munich Putsch was over and Hitler went on trial for treason.
85
Q

How many days did Hitlers trial last?

A

Hitlers trial lasted 24 days

86
Q

How many years was Hitler sent to prison for?

A

Hitler was sent to prison for 5 years.

87
Q

What was the name of the book Hitler wrote whilst he was in prison?

A

Mein Kampf (my struggle)
it described his life story and his political views

88
Q

When was Hitler released from prison?

A

December 1924, after serving just 9 months in prison.

89
Q

What was the impact of the Munich Putsch on Hitler?

A
  • The failure of the Munich Putsch and his time in prision, taught Hitler a valuable lesson.
  • He realised he had to change his stratergy - the Nazis would have to stand in electrons and win votes,
90
Q

What happened during Hitlers trial?

A

It was a media sensation, reported in newspapers all other Germany.
This was the largest audience Hitler had ever had, and he used every opportunity to criticise the government and put across his political views.
His tactics worked and he impressed the judges.
Hitler was sent to prison for 5 years (he could have been executed for such a serious crime.

91
Q

Who was Gustav Stresemann?

A
  • he had been a member of Germanys government since 1907.
  • After Germanys defeat in the war, he felt the only way Germany could be accepted by other European countries was to agree to the Treaty of Versailles terms.
  • he was briefly the chancellor in 1923, but is best known for his work as Germanys foreign minister from 1924 until he died in 1929
92
Q

What was Stresemann’s solution to Hyperinflation crisis (German money was worthless)?

A
  • He stopped the printing of the old paper money and replaced it with a temporary new currency called the Rentenmark
  • This could be exchanged for the old currency. In 1924 the Rentenmark was replaced by the Reichsmark, a stable currency that remained for the next 25 years.
93
Q

Was Stresemann’s solution for the hyperinflation crisis successful?

A

Yes
- Germans quickly accepted the new currency and hyperinflation ended.
- However people who lost all their savings never got their money back, and blamed Stresemann and his government.

94
Q

What was Stresemann’s solution to French and Belgium troops invading the Ruhr?

A
  • He met with the American vice president, Charles Dawes, and arranged for the USA to lend money to Germany (800 million gold marks)
  • Germany could now begin to pay what they owed, and a repayment schedule was agreed which saw Germany re-start their respiration payments. The ‘deal’ was known as the Dawes plan.
95
Q

Was Stresemann’s solution to French and Belgium troops invading the Ruhr Sucsessful?

A

Yes
- French and Belgium soldiers left the Ruhr.
- However, some felt that Stresemann had ‘given in’ to the bullying tactics of the French and Belgians, and should have demanded an end to the respirations all together.
- In 1929, through a new agreement called the Young Plan, Stresemann negotiated the respirations down from £6.6 billion to £1.8 billion, and Germany was given longer to pay.

96
Q

What was the Dawes Plan?

A

Germany’s annual reparation payments would be reduced, increasing over time as its economy improved; the full amount to be paid, however, was left undetermined.

97
Q

What was the Young Plan?

A

Respirations went from £6.6 billion to £1.8 billion - Germany were given longer to pay it.

98
Q

When was the Dawes plan agreed?

A

1924

99
Q

When was the Young Plan agreed?

A

1929

100
Q

What was Stresemann’s solution to improving Germany’s image abroad?

A
  • He worked hard to improve Germanys relationship with other nations.
  • In 1925 Germany signed the Locarno Pact with Britain, France, Belgium and Italy. They promised to never invade each other.
  • In 1926, Germany joined the League of Nations.
  • In 1928, Germany signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact. The countries agreed never to go to war, unless to defend themselves if attacked.
101
Q

When was the Locarno Pact signed?

A

1925

102
Q

Which countries signed the Locarno Pact?

A
  • Germany
  • Britain
  • France
  • Belgium
  • Italy
103
Q

What was the Locarno Pact?

A

Germany, Britain, France, Belgium and Italy all promised to never invade each other.

104
Q

When did Germany join the League of Nations?

A

1926

105
Q

When did Germany sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A

1928

106
Q

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A

The 62 countries that signed it would never go to war, unless to defend themselves if they were attacked.

107
Q

How many countries signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A

62 countries.

108
Q

Was Stresemann’s solution to improving Germany’s image abroad successful?

A
  • Germany regained its international status and became an important part of the League of Nations.
  • However, some right-wing Germans criticised Stresemann for not demanding back some of the land that had been taken from Germany by the Treaty of Versailles.
109
Q

What was Stresemann’s solution to German industries being in trouble after WW1?

A

As well as using some of the money Germany borrowed from the USA (Dawes Plan) to pay respirations, Stresemann used it to build new factories, house, schools and roads. This meant more jobs, with Germans earning more money. Some American companies (such as Ford and Gillette) built factories in Germany too.

110
Q

Was Stresemann’s solution to German industries being in trouble after WW1 successful?

A
  • Slowly, Germany became more prosperous and many Germans were better off.
    For instance sales of radios (the ‘must have’ item of the 1920s) rose from 1 million in 1926 to 4 million in 1932.
  • However, some Germans, even Stresemann himself, feared that Germany relied too much on the American loans.
111
Q

What was the ‘golden age’?

A

1920s
- Before WW1 the Kaiser kept tight control on all types of entertainment, but these controls were removed in Weimar Germany and now many German people felt a new sense of freedom.
- German artists, writers, poems and performers became known for their creativity an innovation.

112
Q

What was cinema like in Germanys ‘golden age’?

A
  • Cinema became very popular in Weimar Germany
  • German born actress Marlene Dietrich became a worldwide star playing glamourous, strong-willed women.
113
Q

What was nightlife like in Germanys ‘golden age’?

A
  • Germany became a centre for new plays, operas and theatre shows.
  • Musicians performed vulgar songs, about politicians, that would have been banned in the Kaisers day.
  • Berlin was famous for its nightclubs with live bands that played American jazz music.
  • Some clubs provided dancers who appeared naked, or put on ‘transvestite evenings’ where men dressed as women and women dressed as men
114
Q

What was literature like in Germanys ‘golden age’?

A

Writing became big business - people had 120 newspapers and magazines to choose from.

115
Q

What was art like in Germanys’ golden age’?

A

Art tried to show what Germany was actually like at this time, artists often painted in a way that criticised current events.

116
Q

What caused the great depression?

A
  • America had grown rich after WW1, by manufacturing goods in America (such as cars and fridges) and selling them all over the world. Some Americans even had spare money and brought shares in companies and businesses, hoping to make a profit. Some borrowed money from the banks in order to join this share-buying trend.
  • In October 1929, the Wall street crash happened.
  • Many Americans had not made as much money as they had hoped from their shares and decided to sell them very quickly.
  • But the share prices dropped as more and more people tried to sell their shares.
  • Millions of Americans could not sell their shares for as much as they had paid for them. Some could not pay the banks back either and were left ruined as debt collectors took their cars and homes.
  • Soon, many Americans could not afford to buy any new goods at all and as a result, firms went out of businesses and millions lost their jobs.
117
Q

When was the wall street crash?

A

October 1929

118
Q

What was the impact of the Depression on Germany?

A
  • The depression meant that the Americans could no longer afford to buy items from Germany anymore.
  • This meant that foreign factories had to shut down. Because goods made in German factories, such as cars, electrical goods and clothing were not selling, so factories had to close down and millions became jobless.
  • American banks demanded back all the money they had lent to Germany after WW1.
  • German banks tried to get the money back from German businesses, which could not pay, so they went bankrupt.
  • People were soon living on the streets - jobless, hungry, angry and full of resentment.
119
Q

Why did the Great Depression lead to a growth in support for extreme parties?

A
  • Unemployment and hunger changed the way many Germans thought and behaved
  • Millions blamed the Weimar Government for their problems.
  • People were prepared to listen to extreme political parties (left-wing communists and right-wing Nazis) whose leaders promised them radical solutions to all of Germanys problems, and ways of making their lives better.
120
Q

What were the different factors for the growth of the Nazi party?

A
  • The Depression
  • Germans were unhappy with the Weimar government
  • The appeal of Adolf Hitler
  • Fear of the rise of other extremist parties such as the communists
  • The Nazi Party structure, methods and tactics
121
Q

Why did the Depression lead to the growth of the Nazi Party?

A
  • The depression hit Germany hard. Businesses collapsed, unemployment soared and banks closed, but this helped Hitler.
  • Those voters who had paid little attention to Hitler in the 1920s now started listening to him.
  • The Nazis continued to repeat their core beliefs - that the Treaty of Versailles was a crime to Germany, that jews should be blamed for the economic problems, and that Germany should be reborn as a great and powerful country.
  • This message was still the same as in the early 1920s, except that now desperate Germans wanted to believe them and vote for them.
122
Q

What are the Nazis core beliefs?

A
  • The Treaty of Versailles was a crime to Germany.
  • That jews should be blamed for the economic problems.
  • Germany should be reborn as a great and powerful country.
123
Q

Why did the fact that Germans were unhappy with the Weimar government lead to the growth of the Nazi Party?

A
  • The Weimar politicians could not seem to agree how to help the unemployed and get Germany out of the depression. They argued constantly and achieved very little.
  • First one chancellor (Muller) and then another (Bruning) made little impact.
  • At one point Bruning was passing laws using article 48, when he tried to pass laws to seize rich peoples land and give it to poor peasants, the new president Hindenburg quickly withdrew his support, because he owed lots of land. Without this support Bruning reigned.
  • For many ordinary Germans then, then democratic system of Weimar Germany was just not working.
  • Some people who had always tried to support the key principles of democracy, were drawn towards political parties (both left-wing and right-wing) with more extreme ideas on how to rule Germany.
124
Q

Why did the appeal of Hitler lead to the growth of the Nazi Party?

A
  • He had a charismatic personality, and could make people believe that he could be trusted to make Germany a great nation.
  • As a powerful and inspiring speaker, he was able to fill his audiences with hope.
125
Q

Why did the fear of other German extremist parties such as communists lead to the growth of the Nazi Party?

A
  • There had been attempts by German Communists to take over Germany after WW1.
  • Middle-class and upper-class Germans, particularly business men and landowners, were frightened of German communists. - This was because they did not want to lose the wealth and position in society that they had worked so hard to build.
  • Communists did not believe in religious institutions either, this worried church goers too.
  • From the start, Hitler said that he would fight communists.
  • Hitler sent his own private army, the SA to fight with communist gangs.
  • Hitler gained support from the middle-classes and upper-classes because he promised to deal with this communist threat.
126
Q

Why did the Nazi Party structure, methods and tactics lead to the growth of the Nazi Party?

A
  • After prison, Hitler and the Nazis started to spread their ideas to build up support through an effective combination of persuasion and intimidation.
  • Nazi army officers were set up all over Germany to recruit more loyal followers, there were 100,000 men in the SA by 1931, growing to 400,000 by 1932. The SA protected Hitlers meetings and tried to influence voters at elections.
  • Used propaganda through new media like radio broadcasts and cinema news reports. They brought newspapers and printed millions of leaflets and posters to persuade and influence Germans.
  • Hitler took part in parades to show off Nazi power, and rallies where he made passionate speeches.
  • Hitler Youth Organisation, set up to encourage young followers. Special clubs and camping trips were organized for young Nazis where they could learn to fire guns, wrestle, red maps and build campfires.
  • After the depression - the Nazis appeared the most organized and disciplined group in the country, a party that might restore Germanys greatness.
  • Hitler used new technology, in 1932, he used an aeroplane to take him to 20 cities in 7 days to make election speeches. He also constantly used Radio, which had recently become widely popular, this showed how in touch and modern the Nazis were.
127
Q

How many men were there in the SA by 1932?

A

100,000 men in the SA by 1931
400,000 men in the SA by 1932

128
Q

Who is Joseph Goebbels?

A

The chief Nazi propagandist from 1928.

129
Q

What was the Hitler Youth Organisation?

A
  • set up to encourage young followers.
  • Special clubs and camping trips were set up for younger Nazis so they could learn to fire guns, wrestle, read maps and build camp fires.
130
Q

Why did women vote for the Nazis?

A
  • Nazis say that family life, good morals and self discipline are important.
  • Some women agree with Hitler when he said that over the last 10 years ‘our youth have been exposed to a flood of muck and filth, in word and in print, in the theatre and in the cinema’. The Nazis promised to sort this out.
131
Q

When did Hitler become chancellor of Germany?

A

30 January 1933

132
Q

When was the knight of the long knives?

A

30 June 1934

133
Q

As Chancellor what 2 groups did Hitler feel threatened by the power of them?

A
  • The army
  • SA
134
Q

What was the knight of the long knives?

A
  • 0n 30 June 1934, Hitler and his group of elite personal bodyguards the SS, stormed into a hotel armed with machine guns.
  • Staying at the hotel were many important members of the SA, Hitlers private army.
  • SA leader Ernst Rohm and others were arrested and later shot dead
  • over the next few days around 400 people were executed this way, including a former chancellor, Kurt von Schleicher, who wasn’t even a Nazi.
  • Hitler proudly publicised this event and rewarded the SS.
135
Q

Who was the leader of the SA?

A

Ernst Rohm

136
Q

What was the reason for the knight of the long knives?

A
  • Hitler felt threatened by the power of the SA and the army.
  • The SA were an asset to Hitler in the beginning, but they had now become a problem because many of them were unemployed, violent thugs who wanted well-paid jobs as a reward for their loyalty.
  • Rohm wanted to join the SA with the army, with both under his control.
  • This alarmed Hitler and the army leaders, a merger of the two would make Rohm incredibly powerful.
  • Hitler wanted to keep the army leaders happy too as he would need their skills if he were to get back the land Germany had lost through the Treaty of Versailles.
  • There were also rumours that Rohm was about to seize power and take over from Hitler.
  • Hitler decided to deal ruthlessly with the problem of Rohm and the SA.
137
Q

What was the impact of the Knight of the Long Knives?

A
  • many people close to Hitler who were regarded as a threat to him were now dead, not just Rohm but all the leading Nazis who did not agree with Hitler.
  • SS was the group now responsible for Hitlers security not the SA. SS grew in importance after this, them and the Gestapo now formed the basis of the ‘police state’ that Germany had become. SA was not abolished but never again a major force in Germany.
  • Hitler was very open about what he had done, this meant that he had gotten away with murder. Hitler had now established murder as part of what the Nazi government did.
138
Q

Who was the leader of the SS?

A

Heinrich Himmler

139
Q

What happened when president Hindenburg died?

A
  • A new president was not appointed.
  • Instead the powers of the President were joined with those of the Chancellor.
  • Hitler was now the Fuhrer (the leader) , the army swore a personal oath of loyalty to him. The army leaders agreed to stay out of politics and serve Hitler, in return Hitler promised to spend large sums of money to make Germany a great military power once more.
140
Q

What was the Public Work Scheme?

A
  • In June 1933, the Nazis ordered the creation of a new network of motorways to link Germanys major towns and cities.
  • This gave work to nearly 100,000 people, and by 1938 around 3800km of highway had been built.
  • A huge number of schools and hospitals were also built, which gave people work.
141
Q

What did the Nazis do when they were elected to get Germans back to work?

A
  • The National Labour Service (RAD)
  • Public work schemes
  • conscription
  • ‘invisible employment’
142
Q

Hitler introduced conscription?

A

Hitler also introduced conscription, from 1935, all males aged between 18 and 25 were forced to join the armed forces for at least 2 years. within five years the army grew from 100,000 - 1,400,000, giving even people more jobs.

143
Q

What is a self-sufficient nation?

A

A country that does not trade with other countries and they rely entirely on their own resources.

144
Q

Did the Nazis help the farmers?

A
  • Hitler cut the taxes that farmer had to pay and guaranteed that they could not be thrown off their land if they got themselves into debt.
  • Laws were introduced that stopped farmers dividing up their land and giving a part to each of their children. This was to keep the farms large and under the control of the same family for years to come. Some farmers hated this, especially as some of the children who were no longer allowed to inherit land left the farms to look for jobs in cities. Some farmers liked this as it meant that their farm was secure for generations.
145
Q

What is beauty of labour?

A

This scheme tried to improve the working environment by installing better lighting, safety equipment, new wash rooms, low-cost canteens and sports facilities.

146
Q

What is strength through joy?

A

This scheme organised leisure activities to encourage hard work. It was a reward scheme that offered cheap holidays, trips to the theatre and tickets to football matches if workers met their targets.

147
Q

Where ordinary Germans better off under the Nazis?

A
  • Nazis fulfilled their promises to provide work, workers lost their rights because trade unions were banned. Workers could not quit without the government permission and were banned from striking. People could also be forced to work as many hours as the Nazis required.
  • KDF provided rewards for Germans, free trips to the cinema and concerts. However, some of the holidays, such as cruises around Italy or skiing in Switzerland, were still too expensive for most working-class Germans.
  • Food cost more than it used to. Germany was trying to be self-sufficient and not rely on imports from other countries. As a result, there was less food in the shops, so shopkeepers charged more because of the high demand.
148
Q

How did the Nazis provide work and control?

A
  • Through the National labour service, and the public works and rearmament programmes, the Nazis provided work.
  • Army grew in size and weapons production increased.
  • More schools, hospitals and roads were being built, which created more jobs.
  • Wages didn’t increase for a few years, but at least jobs existed.
  • German labour front (DAF) replaced trade unions. It promised to protect the rights of workers and improve conditions. The DAF run 2 schemes, which aimed to improve German’s lives.
    1. Beauty of Labour
    2. Strength through joy
149
Q

rationing during WW2 in Germany

A
  • Supplies were needed for the soldiers, so sacrifices had to be made at home.
  • There were severe food shortages, by November 1939, food and clothing were rationed.
  • For example: people were limited to 1 egg per week.
  • Goods like soap and toilet paper were in very short supply.
  • For Example: soggy, stewed pine needles could be used in a bath instead of soap.
  • Hot water was rationed to 2 days per week.
  • Nazis responded to hardships by asking the German people to completely commit themselves to winning the war.
150
Q

Severe labour shortages and refuges during WW2 in Germany

A
  • 1942, Albert Speer was made Armaments Minister and was told to organise the country for Total war.
  • This meant that everything was entirely focused on making weapons and growing food for soldiers.
  • Anything that did not contribute to the war was stopped.
  • For Example: beer houses, dance halls and even sweet shops were closed. Letterboxes were boarded up.

GCSE history (5 decks)

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