Germany dates Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
World War 1
A
1914-18
2
Q
G. gov.’s debt trebled from 50bn to 150bn marks
A
by 1918
3
Q
unrest & anger at conditions in G. grew into revolution calling for Kaiser to abdicate
A
by Nov 1918
4
Q
G. Navy (in port of Kiel) mutinied & refused to follow orders
A
Oct 1918
5
Q
workers in Munich declared general strike & took control of gov.
A
Nov 1918
6
Q
Kaiser fled G. & went into exile in Holland
A
9th Nov 1918
7
Q
Ebert arranged for national election to be held
A
Jan 1919
8
Q
29 diff. parties
A
in 1920s
9
Q
9 diff. coalition gov.s
A
1919-23
10
Q
Matthias Erzeberger (on behalf of gov.) signed surrender & armistice
A
11th Nov 1918
11
Q
peace treaty signed in a French palace at Versailles, near Paris
A
June 1919
12
Q
Spartacists began revolt & called for uprising of all workers
A
Jan 1919
13
Q
(Spartacist League) over 100,000 workers took to streets & soon had control of Berlin
A
6th Jan 1919
14
Q
~200 freikorps units in G.
A
by Jan 1919
15
Q
(Spartacist League) Freikorps in control of streets
A
13th Jan 1919
16
Q
Karl Liebknecht & Rosa Luxemburg arrested & killed by Freikorps without trial
A
16th Jan 1919
17
Q
further Communist uprising in Berlin
A
Mar 1919
18
Q
Ebert’s gov. relied on Freikorps to help defeat Communists
A
1919-21
19
Q
Ebert’s gov. announced plans to reduce size of army & disband Freikorps
A
Mar 1920
20
Q
elections … SPD lost over 1/3 seats, ‘moderate’ parties only had 45% seats & extremist parties had 20% seats
A
1920
21
Q
Hugo Haase (member of Ebert’s gov.) murdered
A
1919
22
Q
Matthias Erzeberger shot & killed
A
1921
23
Q
Walter Rathenau, Foreign Minister, murdered
A
XJuneX 1922
24
Q
376 political assassinations
A
1919-22
25
(ToV) G. econ. on verge of collapse
by 1920
26
G. failed to send coal to France from Ruhr coalfields
Dec 1922
27
France invaded & occupied Ruhr
Jan 1923
28
gov. had 300 paper mills & 2,000 printing shops dedicated to printing banknotes
by 1923
29
... loaf of bread = 1 mark, ... loaf of bread = 200,000bn marks
1919
1923
30
Stresemann created new state-owned bank - Rentenbank = issued new currency Rentenmark
1923
31
Stresemann agreed to 'Dawes Plan'
XAprX 1924
32
industrial output doubled
1923-28
33
Stresemann agreed to 'Young Plan'
1929
34
living standards had suffered because of economic problems ... -> many gradual social improvements after ...
1918-23
1924
35
... over 4% total workforce unemp. ... unemp. fell to 2 million & ... 1.3 million
1924
1926
by 1928
36
real wages increased by 25%
1925-28
37
shortened working week from 50 hours to 46 hours
1927
38
Locarno Pact
1925
39
Stresemann awarded Nobel Peace Prize
1926
40
G. invited to join League of Nations
1926
41
Kellogg-Briand Pact
1928
42
Unemployment Insurance Act
1927
43
... shortage of 1 million homes -> ... gov. introduced new 15% 'rent tax' to fund creation of building associations
by 1923
1925
44
new building associations built over 64,000 homes
1925-29
45
Reich Pension Law
1920
46
Social Democrats (SPD) came to power ... & ...(first week new Rep.) gave women right to vote & stand for elections
1918
Nov 1918
47
32 women had been elected to Reichstag & almost 10% members female
by 1926
48
Stresemann said G. econ. 'only flourishing on the surface ... the German economy is dancing on a volcano'
1929
49
agricultural production only at 79% of pre-war levels
by 1929
50
German National Party (DNVP) still 2nd largest party with 73 seats
by 1928
51
although Communists (KPD) lost support in ... still 4th largest party ... with 54 seats
1920s
by 1928
52
over 180,000 middle-class workers seeking work
1929
53
H. = main speaker at 31 out of 46 party meetings
1919-20
54
NSDAP only 23 members in ... , by ... 3,000 members
Sep 1919
Sep 1920
55
H. & Anton Drexler co-wrote party's 'Twenty-Five Point Programme'
XFebX 1920
56
H. formed the Sturmabteilung (SA) (run by Ernst Rohm)
XAugX 1921
57
SA numbered ~800 ... & ... this had risen to 55,000
by Aug 1922
Nov 1923
58
NSDAP had over 50,000 members & had built up strong base of support in Bavaria, where NSDAP Munich headquarters located
by 1923
59
Mussolini led supporters in a 'March on Rome'
1922
60
Munich Putsch
Nov 1923
61
(Munich Putsch) ban on NSDAP lifted
XFebX 1925
62
share prices began to fall on Wall Street stock exchange in New York
XOctX 1929
63
in ... G. industrial output fell by 10%, in .. fell by 40%
1929
1931
64
6.1 million people unemp., included 40% factory workers & 60% university graduates
Jan 1933
65
(WSC) ... wages = 70% of ... levels
by 1932
1928
66
Heinrich Bruning = Chancellor
1929-32
67
(WSC) Reichstag rejected Bruning's policies
by July 1930
68
(WSC) Reichstag met 94 times in .... & only 13 times in ...
1930
1932
69
had been only 5 presidential decrees in ... , by ... Bruning had issued 66
1930
1932
70
Bruning resigned
30th May 1932
71
NSDAP had become largest party in Reichstag with 230 seats
by July 1932
72
whereas 10% voters supported KPD in ... Reichstag elections 15% supported in ... elections > KPD gained 89 seats in ... Reichstag elections
1928
1932
July 1932
73
NSDAP prop. made little reference to NSDAP or policies, just used striking images of H.
by 1932
74
'Hitler over Germany' campaign
1930-32
75
Red Front Fighters numbered over 130,000 however SA numbered well over 400,000
by 1932
76
(WSC) Joseph Goebbels in charge of NSDAP prop.
1930-32
77
NSDAP owned 120 daily or weekly newspapers
by early 1930s
78
elections ... NSDAP gained 60% vote in some rural areas
1930
79
middle class deserted more moderate parties & many switched to NSDAP
1929-32
80
general elections ... Nazi Party won 107 seats in Reichstag
1930
81
(Hindenburg's 2nd) presidential election
Apr 1932
82
Bruning banned SA & SS & announced plan to buy up land from large landowners to house unemp.
Apr 1932
83
Reichstag elections, NSDAP won 230 seats
July 1932
84
Hindenburg appointed von Schleicher as Chancellor
Dec 1932
85
H. legally appointed Chancellor of G.
30th Jan 1933
86
once Chancellor H. called general election for ...
5th Mar 1933
87
Reichstag Fire
27th Feb 1933
88
Enabling Act
Mar 1933
89
SA entered offices of SPD & KPD destroying newspapers & confiscating funds > facing intimidation Socialists voluntarily gave up seats in Reichstag
May 1933
90
'Law Against the Formation of Parties'
July 1933
91
Dachau opened
Mar 1933
92
... elections 95.2% of pop. voted for NSDAP & they won over 39 million votes
Nov 1933
93
the Night of the Long Knives
30th June 1934
94
60% of SA = unemp.
by 1930
95
death of Hindenburg & public vote to confirm H. as Fuhrer
Aug 1934
96
SS set up as personal bodyguard for H. with 240 members
1925
97
SS given famous black uniforms
1932
98
Gestapo set up = H.'s non-uniformed police force
1933
99
160,000 arrested for political offences
1939
100
150,000 people 'under protective arrest' in prisons
by 1939
101
534 people sentenced to death for political offences
1934-39
102
H. made Goebbels the Minister of People's Enlightenment and Propaganda
1933
103
over 1,600 newspapers = shut down
1935
104
Prop. Ministry fully owned 82% of all media being published in G.
by 1944
105
Goebbels censored radio stations
after 1933
106
70% of G. homes owned radio
by 1939
107
every summer starting ... Goebbels organised vast rallies in Nuremburg
1923
108
... Nuremburg rally involved over 700,000 people
1934
109
NSDAP set up Chamber of Culture
XSepX 1933
110
Goebbels organised 'Book Burning'
1933
111
Goebbels set up Chamber of Visual Arts
1933
112
over 12,000 paintings & sculptures = removed from galleries by SS
1936
113
Berlin Olympics
1936
114
SS = over 250,000 members
by 1939
115
all police powers (including Gestapo) unified under Himmler's control
by 1936
116
leaders of SPD newspaper 'The Red Shock Troop' arrested
1933
117
after assassination of Cologne Gestapo Chief 13 young people hanged
XNovX 1944
118
~160,000 people imprisoned (in conc. camps?)
1939
119
Reich Church (Protestant)
1936
120
Concordat with the Pope
1933
121
Jews banned from gov. jobs & Jewish teachers & civil servants sacked
XAprX 1933
122
Jews banned from inheriting land
XSepX 1933
123
Jews banned from Army
XMayX 1935???
124
local councils banned Jews from parks & swimming pools while others provided separate yellow park benches
1934
125
boycott of Jewish businesses
Mar 1933
126
Nuremburg Laws (included Reich Law on Citizenship & Reich Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour)
XSepX 1935
127
Kristallnacht
Nov 1933
128
8,000 homosexuals had been imprisoned
by 1938
129
Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseased Offspring
1933
130
T4 programme
1939
131
1.2 million boys being trained in small arms shooting
by 1938
132
all youth groups banned other than Nazi groups
1933
133
membership of H. Y. became compulsory
1939
134
200,000 teachers attended political education courses
by 1939
135
'New Women'
1920s
136
1.7 million women had attended courses on childcare, cooking & sewing
by 1939
137
birth rate in G. had fallen to only 1 million births per year
by 1933
138
Law for the Encouragement of Marriage (marriage loans)
1933
139
~360,000 women had given up work to get married
by end of 1934
140
overall birth rate increased from 14.7 births per 1000 marriages in ... to 19.6 in ...
1933
1937
141
540 women gave birth in Lebensborn houses
1938-41
142
divorce laws changed to encourage childbirth
1938
143
during election campaign in ... H. promised to take 800,000 women out of employment within 4 years
1932
144
Law for the Reduction of Unemployment (women out of work)
1933
145
grammar schools for girls banned
1937
146
num. female students entering higher education fell from 17,000 in ... to 6,000 in ...
1932
1939
147
Nazis launched 'autobahn' project
XSepX 1933
148
... autobahn project employed 125,000 men & ... had built over 2,000 miles
by 1935
by 1938
149
H. introduced conscription for all young men
1935
150
over 1.3 million G. men in armed forces
by 1939
151
gov. spent 26bn marks per year on rearmament
by 1939
152
num. people employed in aviation had grown to 72,000
by 1935
153
Nazis spent 37bn marks on public works
1938
154
... KDF had over 35 million members & ... 10 million workers took KDF holidays
by 1936
1938
155
SDA claimed 34,000 companies had improved facilities
by 1938
156
~400,000 people employed in RAD
by 1935
157
compulsory for all young men below 25 to serve for 6 months in RAD
from 1935
158
avg. wages increased from 86 marks per week in ... to 109 marks per week in ...
1933
1939
159
avg. working hours in industry increased from 42 hours per week in ... to 49 in ...
1933
1939
160
all basic groceries (except fish) cost more in ... than ...
1939
1933
