GFR and Urine Analysis Flashcards
(21 cards)
Two major causes of ESRD
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
CKD Hypothesis
- Initial injury; decreased nephron mass or increased metabolic demand
- Increased work load for remaining nephrons
- Leads to hyperfiltration and hypertrophy
CKD definition
1) Structural abnormalities
- Albuminuria
- Hematuria
- Casts
- Kidney transplant
2) eGFR < 60mL/min/1.73m^2
Cockcroft Gault Equation
CrCl = (140-age)xBW/(72xSCr) (0.85 if female)
- underweight use total weight
- overweight use ideal weight
- obese use adjusted weight
Red-orange color of urine
- Rifampin
- Crush injuries
Turbidity
-sign of infection or crystals
Foam
-sign of proteinuria
White blood cells (WBC)
- UTI
- Pyelonephritis
- Acute interstitial nephritis (eosinophiluria)
Tubular epithelial cells
- Tubular damage
- acute tubular necrosis
Squamous cells
-Lower genital tract/skin contamination
Casts
- masses of proteins/ cells
a) RBC- hematuria, glomerulonephritis
b) WBC- pyelonephritis, acute interstitial nephritis
c) Granular- pathogenic, acute tubular necrosis
Crystals
-Drugs: acyclovir, sulfonamides
Specific gravity
- low = diabetes insipidus
- high = inappropriate antidiuretic
Proteinuria
-marker of kidney damage
Glucose
-maker of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Ketones
- Fasting/starving
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
Nitrite
-Sign of bacterial infection/ UTI
Leukocyte esterase
- Enzyme released from WBCs
- Sign of UTI
Prerenal AKI
- Volume depletion
- Decreased blood flow to kidneys
- Nephrons are still intact
- Decreased GFR
Intrinsic
- Cytotoxic, ischemic, inflammatory
- Structural and functional damage
- Renal afferent arteriole vasoconstriction
Postrenal
- Obstruction to passage of urine
- Increases tubular pressure
- Decreased Renal blood flow leads to ischemia and cell death
