gg

Question 1

is an extensive network of specialized cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body. Neuroscience is a branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue. Biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning

Answer 1

Structure of the neuron:

Question 2

is an extensive network of specialized cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body.

Answer 2

nervous system

Question 3

and nervous tissue. Biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning

Answer 3

NEUROSCIENCE

Question 4

the basic cell that makes up the nervous systern and that receives and sends messages within that system

Answer 4

Neuron

Question 5

soma is the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. The axon is a tubelike structure of a neuron that carries the neural message from the cell body to the axon terminals, enlarged ends of axonal branches, specialized for communication with other cells.

Answer 5

DENDRITES

Question 6

are branchlike structures of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons.

Answer 6

DENDRITES

Question 7

provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence information processing, and influence the generation of new neurons during prenatal development.

Answer 7

GLIAL CELLS

Question 8

a layer of fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse. Nerves are bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body.

Answer 8

Myelin

Question 9

the process of molecules moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

Answer 9

Diffusion

Question 10

is the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse.

Answer 10

resting potential

Question 11

consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon, releases the neural impulse. When a neuron fires, it fires in an all-or-none fashion, meaning that it fires completely or does not fire at all.

Answer 11

action potential

Question 12

are saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals.

Answer 12

synaptic vesicles

Question 13

a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell

Answer 13

neurotransmitter

Question 14

) is microscopic fluid- filled space between the axon terminal of one cell and the dendrites or soma of the next

cell.

Answer 14

synaptic gap

Question 15

are three-dimensional proteins on the surface of the dendrites or

certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain

neurotransmitters

Answer 15

Receptor Sites

Question 16

is a synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire, whereas an inhibitory synapse is a synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing.

Answer 16

excitatory snapse

Question 17

chemical substances that block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters

Answer 17

Antagonists

Question 18

are chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell

Answer 18

Agonist

Question 19

is the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles.

Answer 19

Reuptake

Question 20

, the structure of a neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor.

Answer 20

enzyme degradation

Question 21

involves the insertion of a thin, insulated electrode into the brain through which an electrical current is sent, destroying the brain cells at the tip of the wire.

Answer 21

lesioning

Question 22

By studying areas of brain damage we learn the functions that various areas of the brain control.

Answer 22

Lesioning studies

Question 23

Invasive techniques: Stimulating from the inside. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an invasive technique; optogenetics may offer a comparable alternative.

Answer 23

Brain Stimulation

Question 24

Noninvasive techniques: Stimulating from the outside. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), repetitive TMS (rTMS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are noninvasive procedures.

Answer 24

Brain Stimulation

Question 25

a brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X- rays of the brain

Answer 25

COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY

Question 26

brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

Answer 26

Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 27

a recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, most often using scalp electrodes.

Answer 27

electroencephalogram

Question 28

) is used to explore information processing differences in language disorders.

Answer 28

Magnetoencephalography

Question 29

a brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain

Answer 29

Positron emission tomography

Question 30

an MRI-based brain-imaging method that allows for functional examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation.

Answer 30

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Question 31

is the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate

Answer 31

medulla

Question 32

is the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal.

Answer 32

pons

Question 33

is an area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for general attention, alertness, and arousal

Answer 33

The reticular formation

Question 34

is an area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for general attention, alertness, and arousal

Answer 34

The reticular formation

Question 35

part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement and may have some cognitive functions.

Answer 35

cerebellum

Question 36

is a group of several brain structures located primarily under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation.

Answer 36

limbic system is

Question 37

is part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area

Answer 37

thalamus

Question 38

are two bulblike projections of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells. Smell is the only sense that does not have to first pass through the thalamus

Answer 38

Olfactory bulbs

Question 39

is a small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex.

Answer 39

hypothalamus

Question 40

curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term declarative memories.

Answer 40

Hippocampus

Question 41

a brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear

Answer 41

amygdala

Question 42

This structure plays an important role in emotional and cognitive processing.

Answer 42

Cingulate cortex:

Question 43

is the outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input.

Answer 43

cortex

Question 44

is the outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input.

Answer 44

cortex

Question 45

is the upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them.

Answer 45

cerebrum

Question 46

are the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain.

Answer 46

cerebral hemispheres

Question 47

is the thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Answer 47

corpus callosum

Question 48

is a section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the primary visual centers of the brain

Answer 48

occipital lobe

Question 49

are sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, temperature, and body position.

Answer 49

parietal lobes

Question 50

an area of cortex at the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, and body position.

Answer 50

somatosensory cortex is

Question 51

is a condition produced most often by damage to the parietal lobe association areas of the right hemisphere, resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field

Answer 51

Spatial neglect

Question 52

is a condition produced most often by damage to the parietal lobe association areas of the right hemisphere, resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field

Answer 52

Spatial neglect

Question 53

are areas of the cortex located along the side of the brain, starting just behind the temples, containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech.

Answer 53

temporal lobes

Question 54

are areas of the brain located in the front and top, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech.

Answer 54

Frontal lobes

Question 55

are areas of the brain located in the front and top, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech.

Answer 55

Frontal lobes

Question 56

the rear section of the frontal lobe, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system.

Answer 56

motor cortex

Question 57

are neurons that tire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person oust fire when an animal being performed by another

Answer 57

MIRROR NEURONS

Question 58

are areas within cach lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing.

Answer 58

Association areas

Question 59

is responsible for producing fluent, understandable speech.

Answer 59

Broca's area

Question 60

a condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly.

Answer 60

Broca's aphasia

Question 61

is responsible for the understanding of language

Answer 61

a. Wernicke's area

Question 62

is a condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

Answer 62

Wernicke's aphasia is

Question 63

Research has shown that the left hemisphere specializes in language, speech, handwriting, math calculation, sense of time and rhythm (mathematical in nature), and analytical thinking. b. The right side of the brain processes information globally and controls emotional expression, spatial perception, and recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions.

Answer 63

Split-brain research

Question 64

the tendency to use one hand for most fine motor skills. b. Roughly 90 percent of individuals are right-handed; handedness appears to be largely influenced by genetics

Answer 64

Handedness

Question 65

is part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord.

Answer 65

central nervous system

Question 66

is a long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes.

Answer 66

The Spinal Cord

Question 67

carry information from the senses to the central nervous Bystem

Answer 67

Afferent (sensory) neurons

Question 68

carry mensages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

Answer 68

. Efferent (motor) neurons

Question 69

are found in the center of the spinal cord and receive information from the afferent neurons and send commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons. Interneurons also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain

Answer 69

Interneurons

Question 70

is the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma

Answer 70

Neuroplasticity

Question 71

is the formation of new neurons that occurs primarily during prenatal development but may also occur at lesser levels in some brain areas during adulthood

Answer 71

Neurogenesis

Question 72

are special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear.

Answer 72

Stem Cells

Question 73

the interaction between genes and environmental factors influencing gene activity; environmental factors include diet, life experiences, and physical surroundings

Answer 73

Epigenetics

Question 74

all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself

Answer 74

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 75

which consists of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body

Answer 75

somatic nervous system

Question 76

which consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands

Answer 76

autonomic nervous system

Question 77

involves nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS containing afferent neurons

Answer 77

sensory pathway

Question 78

involves nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, containing efferent neurons

Answer 78

motor pathway

Question 79

The sympathetic division: The sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system), also called the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), is part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal.

Answer 79

The autonomic nervous system

Question 80

the body to normal funcupathetic nervous system responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands.

Answer 80

parasympathetic division (

Question 81

have no ducts and secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

Answer 81

Endocrine glands

Question 82

located in the brain secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland). In women, oxytocin is a hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that is involved in reproductive and parental behaviors

Answer 82

pituitary gland

Question 83

an endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum and secretes melatonin

Answer 83

pineal gland

Question 84

an endocrine gland found in the neck and regulates metabolism by secreting thyroxin.

Answer 84

thyroid gland

Question 85

is an endocrine gland that controls the levels of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagons

Answer 85

pancreas

Question 86

is an endocrine gland that controls the levels of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagons

Answer 86

pancreas

Question 87

sex glands, including ovaries (female gonads or sex glands) and

Answer 87

gonads

Question 88

male gonads or sex glands), that secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction

Answer 88

testicles

Question 89

are endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence.

Answer 89

Andrenal Gland