Ghettos

Question 1

How were the ghettos justified?

Answer 1

As a safety measure and part of the war effort

Question 2

When did the Germans invade Poland and how many Jews came under their authority when they did?

Answer 2

September 1, 1939 and 2,000,000 Jews

Question 3

When did the German assault on the Soviet Union begin and how many Jews did it bring under German authority?

Answer 3

June 1941 and 3,000,000 Jews

Question 4

Which were the largest ghettos?

Answer 4

Warsaw and Łódź

Question 5

Who was made Governor of the General Gouvernement?

Answer 5

Hands Frank

Question 6

How were the ghettos murderous?

Answer 6

Conditions were not conducive to survival

Question 7

What did Friedrich Uebelhoer say about the ghettos in December 1939?

Answer 7

That they were a provisional measure but that the Jewish problem needed to be lanced like a festering boil

Question 8

What did Michael Bernbaum argue about the ghettos?

Answer 8

That the transitional function of the ghettos is clear in hindsight but it was not clear to the inhabitants

Question 9

What did Christopher R. Browning argue about ghettoisation?

Answer 9

That it should not be seen as a prepatory step towards the final solution

Question 10

What did Lawrence Langer talk about in relation to the ghettos?

Answer 10

The choiceless choice

Question 11

What did Raul Hilberg argue the main function of the ghettos was?

Answer 11

To separate the Jews from the Aryan population

Question 12

What did Philip Friedman argue the purpose of the ghettos was?

Answer 12

To impoverish Jews

Question 13

How did Goebbels describe the ghettos?

Answer 13

As death caskets

Question 14

Why did Nazi propaganda about Jews being diseased pick up after the start of the war?

Answer 14

Wartime meant that a healthy population was needed to fight and win the war

Question 15

What were the Judenräte trying to do?

Answer 15

Continue functioning society within the ghettos

Question 16

When was the decree ordering the establishment of the Judenräte issued?

Answer 16

November 28, 1939

Question 17

What did Hannah Arendt suggest about the Judenräte?

Answer 17

That they contributed to the deaths of Jews by not resisting the orders they were given by the Nazis

Question 18

What did Doris Bergen argue about the Judenräte?

Answer 18

That they were another example of the Nazi policy of divide and rule

Question 19

From when did the members of the Judenräte receive pay?

Answer 19

From 1940

Question 20

How many Polish Jews died in the ghettos?

Answer 20

500,000-600,000, about 1/5 of the total

Question 21

What evidence is there that Jewish leaders wanted to believe there was life after the ghettos?

Answer 21

They educated the children and healed the sick

Question 22

When was the Nisko plan developed?

Answer 22

September 1939

Question 23

Why was the Nisko plan abandoned?

Answer 23

Because Frank did not want any more Jews being sent to the General Gouvernement

Question 24

When was the Madagascar Plan suggested?

Answer 24

June 1940

Question 25

What did the Madagascar Plan suggest?

Answer 25

That 1,000,000 Jews per year would be deported to the island and controlled in an SS police state

Question 26

When and why was the Madagascar Plan scrapped?

Answer 26

In 1942 when the decision was made to exterminate the Jews

Question 27

Who started the archive in the Warsaw ghetto?

Answer 27

Emmanuel Ringelblum

Question 28

When was the Warsaw ghetto formed?

Answer 28

October 1940

Question 29

How many people lived in the Warsaw ghetto?

Answer 29

500,000

Question 30

How many Jews died of starvation in the Warsaw ghetto between January and June 1940?

Answer 30

10,000

Question 31

How many people did each room and house in the Warsaw ghetto contain?

Answer 31

On average there were 13 people to a room, 393 people per house

Question 32

How many calories a day did the Jews in the Warsaw ghetto receive?

Answer 32

300

Question 33

How many flats in the Warsaw ghetto were unheated in the Winter of 1941-1942?

Answer 33

718 out of 780 flats were unheated

Question 34

How many people were there per square kilometre in the Warsaw ghetto?

Answer 34

110,880 people per square kilometre

Question 35

How many Jews had been deported from the Warsaw ghetto by July 1942?

Answer 35

300,000 of 400,000 Jews had been deported

Question 36

Who was the leader of the Warsaw ghetto and what did he do?

Answer 36

The leader was Adam Czerniaków and be committed suicide

Question 37

Who was the head of the police force in the Warsaw ghetto?

Answer 37

Jozef Szerynski

Question 38

When was the Łódź ghetto established?

Answer 38

April 1940

Question 39

How many Jews were living in the Łódź ghetto in April 1940?

Answer 39

155,000

Question 40

Why did the Łódź ghetto last so much longer than others?

Answer 40

Because it was productive

Question 41

Who was the leader of the Łódź Judenrat?

Answer 41

Chaim Rumkowski

Question 42

What did Rumkowski say about the people he chose for deportation?

Answer 42

That he would only choose those who deserved it

Question 43

When was the Łódź ghetto liquidated?

Answer 43

In August 1944, when the remaining 60,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz

Question 44

How many people on average occupied each room in the Łódź ghetto?

Answer 44

7

Question 45

Who did the Jews in the Bialystok ghetto turn to for help?

Answer 45

The Red Army

Question 46

Who did the Jews of the Chełmno ghetto turn to for help?

Answer 46

They believed God was the only one who could save them

Question 47

Why was the hunger not so desperate in the Vilna ghetto as elsewhere?

Answer 47

Because the population of 60,000 was cut down to 12,000 in 6 months

Question 48

Who was the leader of the Vilna ghetto and how did he try to save the Jews?

Answer 48

Jacob Gens was the leader and believed productivity was the best method to ensure survival

Question 49

When was the Vilna ghetto liquidated?

Answer 49

1943

Question 50

When were most of the Jews of the Lublin ghetto murdered?

Answer 50

1942

Question 51

How many work camps were there in Lublin?

Answer 51

50

Question 52

When did Heydrich issue the order to begin ghettoisation?

Answer 52

September 21, 1939

Question 53

What is the broad goal of Heydrich's instructions to begin ghettoisation?

Answer 53

To remove the Jews from Europe, but extermination is not yet the fixed goal

Question 54

Where did Heydrich order that Jewish populations should be concentrated?

Answer 54

Near train lines, showing ghettoisation was not the 'Final Solution' envisaged even in 1939

Question 55

When was compulsory labour for Jews ordered?

Answer 55

It was ordered by Governor Frank on October 26, 1939

Question 56

When was the death penalty put in place for all Jews who tried to leave the ghettos and their helpers?

Answer 56

October 15, 1941