GI Flashcards
(32 cards)
what is the Most common benign epithelial neoplasm of the oral cavity?
squamous cell papilloma
what is associated with squamous cell papilloma
HPV
benign neoplasms of the salivary glands
- pleomorphic adenoma
- warthin tumor
- benign tumours of salivary glands 60% more common than malignant
associations and clinical features of pleomorphic adenoma
Associations:
- Most common tumour of the salivary glands (90%)
Clinical features:
- Presents as a painless, slow-growing mass in front of and below the ear (parotid)
- Prone to recurrence
- Malignant transformation is rare
warthin tumor associations and epiD
- 2nd most common tumour of the salivary glands in Singapore
- Occurs almost exclusively in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland
- Propensity to present as bilateral painless swelling of parotid glands
- Associated with a history of smoking
causes of oesophagitis
- reflux oesophagitis (GERD/GORD)
- barretts oesophagus
risk factors and clinical features of GERD
- Risk factors
- Advanced Age, BMI, tobacco
- Clinical Features
- Heartburn - “retrosternal burning pain”
- Acid regurgitation
- Sore throat
cause of barretts oesophagus
Chronic gastro-esophageal reflux disease
complications of barretts oesophagus
- Ulceration of oesophageal mucosa & resultant bleeding
- Dysplasia
- Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (40x risk)
difference between acute gastritis and gastropathy
- Acute Gastritis
- Acute, transient gastric mucosal inflammatory process, when neutrophils are present
- Gastropathy
- Gastric mucosal inflammatory process, when inflammatory cells are rare/absent
causes of acute gastritis and gastropathy
- Reactive chemical gastritis
- Chemical gastritis eg. alcohol
- NSAIDs consumption
- Radiation-induced Gastropathy
- Vascular gastropathy
2 forms of chronic gastritis
- h. pylori gastritis (>90%)
- autoimmune gastritis (<10%)
diagnosis of h pylori infection
Urea breath test (drink radioactively labeled urea, if H. pylori present, urease activity on urea will released radioactive CO2 that can be detected in the breath)
clinical features & Complications of h pylori infections
Clinical features:
- Mostly asymptomatic
Complications:
- Chronic atrophic gastritis
- Regenerative epithelial changes
- Intestinal metaplasia
causes of peptic ulcer disease
- Chronic H. pylori infection
- Chronic usage of Drugs
- NSAIDs, corticosteroids - Smoking
common sites of peptic ulcer
- Duodenum (75%)
- Stomach (20%)
morphology of peptic ulcer disease
Gross:
- Straight vertical edges
- Base is smooth & clean
Histology:
- Surface zone of fibrinopurulent exudate
- Zone of granulation tissue
- Interruption of muscularis propria
clinical features & Complications of peptic ulcer
Clinical features
- Epigastric burning or aching pain
- Nausea, vomiting, bloating, belching, weight loss
Complications
- Bleeding
- 15-20% most common complication
- If mild & chronic: iron deficiency anemia
- If severe & acute: haematemesis
- Perforation
clinical features and complications of acute appendicitis
Clinical features
- Abdominal pain
- Initially: referred pain to umbilical region
- Later: localised pain in right iliac fossa - Macburney’s Point
Complications
- Perforation
causes of Inflammatory bowel disease
- Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection
- Abnormal host immunoreactivity
- Host immunity is stimulated & then fails to downregulate itself
clinical features and complications of crohns disease
features
- Diarrhoea - may or may not be bloody!
complications
- Fissures & Fistulas
- Perforation, peritonitis
morphology of crohns disease
Gross:
- Cobblestone appearance
- Skip Lesions
Histology:
- Transmural chronic inflammation
- Fibrosis
clinical features and complications of ulcerative colitis
features:
- Diarrheoa (severe)!! - BLOODY!!!!
Complications:
- Malignancy → Risk of Adenocarcinoma
- Toxic megacolon
- Pericholangitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
more common in UC
morphology of ulcerative colitis
Gross:
- Shallow ulceration
- No skip lesions
Histology:
- Inflammatory pseudopolyps
- Inflammation limited to mucosal layer
