GI

Question 0

Glycogen synthase primer

Answer 0

Glycogenin (adds 4 glucose to itself)

Question 1

3 irreversible pathways of glycolysis

Answer 1

• hexokinase (1)
• phosphofructokinase (3)
• pyruvate kinase (last)

Question 2

Glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is catalysed by

Answer 2

Hexokinase

Question 3

Glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate and vice versa is catalysed by

Answer 3

Phoshphoglucomutase

Question 4

Glucose-1-phosphate to UDP glucose is catalysed by

Answer 4

UDP glucose phosphorylase

Question 5

Rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis

Answer 5

Glycogen synthase

Question 6

Enzyme which adds branches to glycogen

Answer 6

Transglycosylase

Question 7

Glycogenolysis catalysed by

Answer 7

Glycogen phosphorylase

Question 8

Processes by which glycogen can be broken down by skeletal muscle

Answer 8

TCA cycle and glycolysis

Question 9

Process by which glycogens broken down by liver

Answer 9

Glycogenolysis

Question 10

How is glucose transported to blood?

Answer 10

GLUT2 transporter

Question 11

The Cori cycle

Answer 11

Lactate-pyruvate-glucose

Question 12

Location of gluconeogenesis

Answer 12

Liver (kidneys)

Question 13

Effects of insulin and starvation on albumin levels?

Answer 13

Insulin increases, starvation decreases. Levels are low in liver disease

Question 14

How can plasma proteins be separated?

Answer 14

Simple electrophoresis

Question 15

What is ceruloplasmin?

Answer 15

Alpha protein

Question 16

What type of protein is retinol binding protein?

Answer 16

Alpha protein, transports vitamin A

Question 17

Function of alpha proteins?

Answer 17

Transport lipoproteins, lipids, hormones and bilirubin

Question 18

Example of a beta protein

Answer 18

Transferrin, transports iron

Question 19

Protein which is the main determinant of plasma oncotic pressure?

Answer 19

Albumin (water soluble and negatively charged)

Question 20

Albumin levels in liver disease?

Answer 20

Low

Question 21

Fatty acids, bilirubin and thyroid hormones are transported by what?

Answer 21

These endogenous lipophilic substances are transported by albumin. Albumin also transports exogenous substances i.e drugs like aspirin

Question 22

How is iron stored in cells?

Answer 22

As ferritin

Question 23

How is copper transported?

Answer 23

Bound to ceruloplasmin. Copper is needed for regulation of redox reactions and for transport/use of iron.

Question 24

Are the steroid hormones and the T3/T4 hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 24

Hydrophobic

Question 25

How is thyroxine transported?

Answer 25

Thyroid-binding globulin (extended biological half life and increased plasma concentration)

Question 26

How is cortisol transported?

Answer 26

Cortisol-binding globulin (extended biological half-life and increased plasma concentration)

Question 27

Function of chylomicrons?

Answer 27

Transport of exogenous fat to liver

Question 28

Function of VLDL?

Answer 28

Transport of endogenous fat to peripheral tissues

Question 29

Function of IDL?

Answer 29

LDL precursor

Question 30

Function of LDL?

Answer 30

Transport of cholesterol to peripheral tissues

Question 31

Function of HDL?

Answer 31

Reverse cholesterol transport

Question 32

What vitamins and metal can the iron store?

Answer 32

Vitamins A, D and B. Iron (stored associated with Ferritin)

Question 33

How is vitamin A stored in the liver?

Answer 33

As retinol palmitate

Question 34

What is needed to make vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile acids?

Answer 34

Cholesterol

Question 35

Product of HMGcoA reductase?

Answer 35

Mevalonic acid

Question 36

Dietary cholesterol and intrahepatocyte cholesterol reduce activity of what enzyme?

Answer 36

HMGcoA reductase

Question 37

Which vitamin is important for regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism?

Answer 37

Vitamin D

Question 38

What is the most abundant form of vitamin D in the circulation?

Answer 38

Vitamin D3

Question 39

What steroid hormones are made from cholesterol?

Answer 39

Corticosteroids, androgens (testis), estrogens (ovary)

Question 40

What converts primary bile salts into secondary bile salts?

Answer 40

Bacteria

Question 41

What mmol/l is considered atherogenic for LDL?

Answer 41

above 4.1

Question 42

What annoying molecules are needed for cholesterol synthesis?

Answer 42

18 mol acetyl coA 16 mol NADPH 36 mol ATP

Question 43

Glycogen storage diseases

Answer 43

Glycogen stored in liver and muscle

Question 44

How are bilirubin, fatty acids and thyroid hormones transported in the body?

Answer 44

Bound to albumin

Question 45

Cholesterol is a precursor for which vitamin?

Answer 45

Vitamin D

Question 46

Role of vitamin D?

Answer 46

Calcium and phosphate metabolism

Question 47

What is the most abundant form of vitamin D in the body?

Answer 47

Vitamin D3