Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FA organs HY > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Omphalocele vs Gastroschisis?

A 
Omphalocele= Intestines protrude through umbilicus "Encased in viscera"
Gastroschisis= Intestines protruding without Viscera
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Child with abdominal content protruding through the umbilicus had what embryological failure?

A

Failure of Lateral Folds to Close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is associated with failure of Caudal folds?

A

Bladder exstrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes Duodenal atresia vs Jejunal/ileal atresia?

A 
Duodenal = Failure to Recanalize 
jejunal/Ileal= VASCULAR accident
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ulcer vs erosion?

A 
Ulcer= Submucosa
Erosion= Mucosa only
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Layers of gut wall and contents/functions?

A 
MSMS= Inside-> outside
Mucosa= absorption 
Submucosa = Meissner's plexus for glands 
Muscularis= Auerbachs/ Myenteric plexus
Serosa (intra) vs Adventitia (retro)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What part of GI has the slowest vs fastest Slow wave frequency?

A 
Stomach = 3/min = Slowest 
Duodenum = 12/min= Fastest
Ileum = 9/min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
GI histology major landmarks:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum 
Colon
A 
Duodenum= Brunners glands in Submucosa
Jejunum= Plicae circularis 
Ileum = Peyers patches 
Colon = No villi + Lots of Goblet cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Zone 1 vs Zone 3 of hepatic sinusoids?

A

Z1 = periportal (artery) + 1st site of Viral hepatitis
Z3 = Centralobular + Ischemia, Toxin, Alcoholic hepatitis
**P450 located in Zone 3 (ETOH injury more likely there)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hormone released by cells in antrum and is upregulated by peptides, AAs (Trp, Phe), and vagus. PPI use also increases its secretion?

A

Gastrin –> H+ secretion + Mucosal growth + motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What hormone increases GB & Pancreatic secretions and decreases gastric emptying in response to FA/ AAs in duodenum?

A

CCK –> Relaxes sphincter of ODDi / inc secretions from pancreas ALL through Muscarinic enhancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does CCK carry out its actions?

A

Enhances Muscarinic actions @ pancreas / GB

**NO direct actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Enzyme released in response to Acid in duodenum has what actions?

A

Secretin => Inc Panc HCO3, Bile, and dec Gastric motility

**S cells of duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hormone released from Duodenal K cells in response to oral glucose?

A

GIP –> Dec H+ secretion + Inc Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hormone that causes increased intestinal secretions and relaxation of sphincters. Located in PSNS ganglia and sphincters, GB, and small intestines?

A

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Signs and symptoms of a VIPoma?

A

WDHA
Watery Diarrea –> increases Intestinal secretions
Hypokalemia –> diarrhea caused
Achlorhydria –> Inhibits Acid release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Loss of what substance in the lower esophageal sphincter is implicated in Achalasia?

A

NO –> relaxes smooth muscle (esp LES)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What increases peristalsis during fasting states to activate the intestinal cleaning out actions?

A

Motilin –> Migratory Motor complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What factors stimulate vs inhibit Gastric acid secretions?

A

Stimulate–> Histamine, ACh , Gastrin

Inhibit–> SS, GIP, PGs, Secretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the MOA for gastric acid release by Vagal stimulation?

A
  1. Direct ACh innervation of Parietal cells
  2. ACh-> GRP -> Gastrin -> HCL release
  3. ACh -> GRP -> Gastrin -> ECL cells -> Histamine -> HCL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the primary way Vagus causes HCL release and how is this affected by Atropine?

A

Main way is Increased Histamine release from ECL

**Atropin ONLY blocks Direct ACh inn of Parietal cells but Cannot inhibit GRP-> Gastrin rel -> Histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q 
Location within the stomach: 
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Gastrin cells
Mucous cells
A

Parietal & Chief =-= BODY

Gastrin & Mucous == Pylorus/ antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Secondary messenger system for HCl release by ACh, Gastrin, and histamine?

A

ACh + Gastrin –> Gq receptors = IP3/Ca
Histamine (H2) –> Gs –> cAMP
**PGs + SS –> Gi –> dec cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens in the Gastric veins in response to HCl release?

A

Alkaline tide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Pt with peptic ulcer dz or ZE syndrome is expected to have what cells hypertrophy?
Duodenal Submucosal Brunners glands==> Inc HCO3 release
26
Carbohydrates are absorbed in the GI tract how?
Monosaccharides Glu + Galactose ==> Na dep SGLT-1 Fructose==> GLUT-5 (Na independent)
27
What is the purpose of the D-xylose test?
Differentiate btwn Mucosal or other causes of Malabsorption Admin D-xylose => Inc in Urine mean Normal GI mucosa **Same as B12 schilling test
28
Absorption of Fe, Folate, and B12 happen where?
Fe --> Duodenum Folate--> Jejunum B12--> Ileum
29
How is bile made water soluble in Liver?
Conjugated to Glycine or Taurine | **Bile is antimicrobial by disrupting cell membranes
30
Rate limiting step of Bile acid synthesis?
7 alpha Hydroxylase
31
Salivary gland tumors: 1. Painless benign MIxed tumor + recurs frequently 2. benign cystic + Germinal centers 3. malignant painful (CN 7) Squamous component
1. Pleomorphic adenoma (MC overall) 2. Warthin's tumor 3. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
32
Pt with labs showing HIgh LES opening pressure and uncoordinated peristalsis with Dysphagia for solids and liquids is @ high risk for?
Achalasia --> RF for SCC of Esophagus * *Primary = Dec NO in LES * *2nd --> Chagas
33
Esophagitis: Pseudomembranes Punched-out lesions Linear ulcers
``` Candida= pseudomembrane HSV1 = Punched out lesions CMV= Linear ulcers ```
34
Lye ingestion and acid reflux are associated with?
Esophageal strictures
35
Pt with dysphagia for solids, erythematous oral cavity, and hypochromatic anemia?
Plummer Vinson syndrome 1. Esophageal webs 2. Glossitis 3. Iron def anemia
36
Older male with Cardiac abnormality, joint pain, and CNS difficulties suffers from malabsorption. What is seen on biopsy of intestines?
Whipple's ==> PAS+ Foamy macrophages
37
What antibodies, HLA, GI locations, and malignancy are associated with Celiac sprue?
1. Anti- endomysial + tissue transglutaminase + gliadin 2. HLA- DQ2 + DQ8 3. Jejunum will Blunted villi 4. T-cell lymphoma
38
Curling vs Cushing acute erosive ulcers?
Curling --> Burns victims (dec BF to gastric mucosa) Cushing-> Head trauma = Inc Vagus-> HCl production *NSAIDS + ETOH also cause Acute erosive ulcers
39
Chronic nonerosive ulcers: Fundus/ body: Antrum
Fundus/body=> Autoantibodies against parietal cells --> Acholorhydria + anemia Antrum --> H pylori
40
55 yo male with edema, hypoalbuminemia, complains of abdominal pain. Biopsy of stomach shows Parietal cell atrophy and inc mucosal cells. Dx?
Menetriers disease --> Elevated TGF-alpha
41
Stomach cancer: Intestinal type Diffuse type
Intestinal--> Ass (h.pylori, AI gastritis, Nitrosamines) @ Lesser curvature as Ulcer with Raised margins Diffuse--> H. pylori, Signet rings, linitis plastica
42
Gastric vs Duodenal ulcers?
Gastric-> Pain inc w. food (lose wght), Carcinoma risk, caused by dec Mucosal protection (NSAIDS, burns) Duodenal--> Dec pain w. food (wgt Gain), dec mucosal protection + In HCL, Hypertrophy of Brunners glands
43
Crohns disease associations?
Disordered response to Bacteria Ileum, Skip lesions, rectal sparing Transmural, COBBLESTONE, creeping fat, fissures, fistulas "STRING sign" on barium swallow/X-ray Granulomas --> Th1 Migratory polyarthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Cancer **Kidney stones, Erythema Nodosum Rx: Steroids, Mxt, infliximab, adalimumab
44
UC associations?
``` Autoimmune Continuous + RECTUM Psuedopolyps "LEAD pipe" sign on imaging Crypt abscess --> Th2 Sclerosing Cholangitis, TOXIC megacolon, Cancer Pyoderma Gangernosum, Rx: Sulfasalazine, 6-MP, Infliximab ```
45
Middle aged women complains of abdominal pain that "improves with defecation" and changes in stool frequency. What changed in her life?
IBS --> JOB, school, promotion
46
Appendicitis cause in Children vs Adults?
Child --> Lymphoid hyperplasia post Viral infection | Adult --> Fecalith Obstruction
47
Diverticulosis characteristics?
False --> Mucosa + submucosa Inc pressure (constipation) + wall weakness + low fiber **HEMATOCHEZIA Sigmoid colon
48
65 yo with LLQ pain, fever, and leukocytosis. Stool occult+?
Diverticulitis
49
2 yo child with recent history of conjunctivitis and URTi comes in with abdominal pain and bloody "jelly" covered stools?
Intussusception --> MC post Adenovirus and w. "current jelly" stool Dx/Rx: barium dye
50
Infant with Down syndrome is brought in with bilious vomiting. X-ray shows "double bubble" sign. What embryological event caused this?
Duodenal Atresia--> Failure of Recanalization
51
Elderly man with severe pain @ the LUQ. Pain is worse with food and has caused him to lose wght. Lab tests show no abnormalities?
Ischemic colitis --> @ splenic flexure
52
Pt complains of abdominal pain and constipation several months after an abdominal surgery. MCC?
Adhesions
53
Pt with hematochezia and found to have tortuous dilated vessels in the cecum?
Angiodysplasia
54
Precancerous adenomatous polyps have a risk of malignancy associated with?
VILLOUS inc Size Dysplasia
55
MCC of non-neoplastic polyps in the sigmoid colon?
Hyperplastic
56
Juvenile polyps are?
80% in RECTUM | NO malignant potential
57
Child with abdominal pain and hyperpigmented lesions around his lips and in his oral mucosa?
Peutz-Jeghers --> non-Malignant Hamartomas
58
Gardners syndrome associations?
FAP Osseous & soft tissue tumors Congenital Hypertrophy of Retinal pigment epithelium
59
Pt with a hx of colon cancer recently developed a headache and seizures?
Turcot syndrome = FAP + CNS tumor
60
What are the 2 molecular mechanisms for CRC?
1. Microsatellite instability--> DNA mismatch repair gene mutation (HNPCC) + sporadic accumulation of mutations 2. APC/Beta Catenin (chromasomal instability) APC--> KRAS --> p53
61
Mechanism of Reyes syndrome damage?
Aspirin metabolites dec Beta Oxidation by reversibly inhibiting MITOCHONDRIAL enzymes
62
Cavernous hemangioma?
MC benign tumor of Liver | Biopsy is CI due to risk of Hemorrhage
63
Hepatic adenoma?
benign liver tumor OCP + steroids Regresses if OCP/steroid discontinued
64
Endothelial cell tumor associated with Polyvinyl chloride in the liver?
Angiosarcoma
65
What is the cause of physiological jaundice of new born?
Immature UDP-GT
66
pt with absent UDP-GT causing jaundice, kernicterus can be treated with what?
Crigler- Najjar syndrome Type 1 --> Plasmapheresis + Phototherapy Type 2--> Phenobarbital (inc Liver enzyme synthesis)
67
Conjugated bilirubinemia and hepatocytes with "epinephrine metabolite" granules. What is the defect?
Dubin-Johnson ==> defect Liver excretion of Bilirubin into bile duct system
68
Characteristics of Wilsons disease?
``` Ceruloplasmin dec Cirrhosis --> HCC Copper accumulation Corneal deposits (Keyser Fleischer) Hemolytic anemia Basal ganglia degeneration Asterixis Dementia, Dyskinesia, Dysarthria AR ATP7B gene mutation (Cu transporter) Rx: Penicillamine ```
69
Characteristics of Hemochromatosis?
Triad: Cirrhosis, DM, bronze skin CHF (dilated CM) , testicular atrophy, HCC Inc Ferritin/Fe/Transferrin sat BUT dec TIBC Set off Metal detectors C282Y HFE gene mutation Rx: phlebotomy, Deferasirox, Deferoxamine
70
Pt with a Hx of abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea develops pruritis, jaundice and dark urine. What is most likely to be seen on biopsy, imaging, and labs?
UC --> Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis biopsy --> Onion skin bile duct fibrosis Image--> Beading of bile duct Labs--> Cong bilirubinemia + Hyperagammaglobulinemia
71
33 yo women with Hx of RA and celiac disease develops itch yellow skin and hepatosplenomegaly. What is the Most likely cause and characteristics?
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis * Anti-Mitochondrial antibodies * Granulomas
72
Cholesterol stones are associated with?
``` Radiolucency 4 Fs (Female, Fat, Fertile, Forty) Crohns/ CF Clofibrates Estorgen **Rapid wght Loss** Native Americans ```
73
Pigmented stones are?
Radiopaque Black = hemolysis brown = Infection
74
Common causes of Acute pancreatitis?
``` Gallstone ETOH Hyper TG >1000 Mumps Scorpion sting Steroids ```
75
Complications associated with Acute pancreatitis?
DIC, ARDS Fat necrosis --> Saponification --> Hypocalcemia Pseudcyst --> Line by granulation tissue--> Rupture--> Hemorrhage
76
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma associations?
``` Prognosis 6 mo or less CA-19-9 Tobacco (not EtOH) Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseaus's syndrome) Obstructive painless jaundice Palpable GB (Courvoiser's sign) ```

FA organs HY (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions