GI 4/GI 5

Question 1

what form of carbohydrates can we absorb?

Answer 1

monosaccharides

Question 2

What chemical initially breaks starch into maltose (disaccharide)?

Answer 2

salivary amylase

Question 3

What chemical digests the remainder of starch to maltose (disaccharide)?

Answer 3

pancreatic amylase

Question 4

lactose is broken down into what?

Answer 4

glucose and galactose

Question 5

sucrose is broken down into what?

Answer 5

glucose and fructose

Question 6

maltose is broken down into what?

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

What is the mainstay of treatment for infectious diarrhea?

Answer 7

salt, sugar and water

6 tsp. sugar: 0.5 tsp. salt: 1 liter water

Question 8

The stomach is able to absorb what 2 things?

Answer 8

• alcohol

- aspirin

Question 9

what is the most sensitive measure of pancreatitis?

Answer 9

• pancreatic lipase

Question 10

what vitamins do you expect to be decreased if there is a bile secretion problem?

Answer 10

Vitamin A, D, E, K

Question 11

What are the function of the micelles?

Answer 11

increase SA of fat globules

Question 12

what cells act like macrophages in the liver lobule?

Answer 12

kupffer cell

Question 13

What causes the rapid regrowth of liver mass after a hepatectomy?

Answer 13

hepatocyte growth factor

Question 14

why can’t a damaged liver regenerate?

Answer 14

scar tissue development d/t hepatic stellate cells lead to resistance in blood flow

Question 15

what is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 15

transformation of lactate and AAs into glucose

Question 16

what is chylomicron composed of when in the lacteal cells?

Answer 16

• fats + Apo-B48

Question 17

Once the chylomicron reaches circulation what proteins bind to it?

Answer 17

• Apo-E

- Apo-C2

Question 18

Where does Apo-C2 and Apo-E come from?

Answer 18

HDL

Question 19

What do chylomicrons do?

Answer 19

deliver FFAs to muscle and adipose tissue

Question 20

what is the purpose of Apo-C2?

Answer 20

• Apo-C2 binds to lipopr lipase to digest the dietary fat to FFAs and monoglycerides which can then enter muscle and adipose cells

Question 21

Chylomicron remnants return to the liver via what receptor?

Answer 21

Apo-E receptor

Question 22

What happens when chylomicron enters the liver?

Answer 22

liver RER adds Apo-B100

Question 23

What converts a VLDL to a IDL?

Answer 23

release of Apo-C2

Question 24

What converts IDL to LDL?

Answer 24

release of Apo-E

Question 25

LDL only contains what apo protein?

Answer 25

Apo-B100

Question 26

What is the purpose of HDL?

Answer 26

reverse cholesterol transport

Question 27

What receptor does HDL bind to to enter the liver?

Answer 27

SRB1

Question 28

what test is good to measure early signs of liver function?

Answer 28

PT/aPTT

Question 29

what test is good to measure late signs of liver function?

Answer 29

albumin

Question 30

increased serum unconjugated bilirubin usually indicates what?

Answer 30

hemolytic in origin

Question 31

increased serum conjugated bilirubin usually indicates what?

Answer 31

obstruction

Question 32

low urine urobilinogen indicates what?

Answer 32

complete obstruction

Question 33

what ratio of ALT/AST is indicative of hepatocellular injury?

Answer 33

ALT > AST

Question 34

what ratio of ALT/AST is indicative of alcoholic injury?

Answer 34

AST > ALT

Question 35

what labs will be elevated in cholestasis?

Answer 35

- alk phos - GGAT - 5N - conjugated bilirubin

Question 36

what lab values are elevated in acute liver injury?

Answer 36

AST/ALT

Question 37

which labs are abnormal when there is reduced synthetic function of the liver?

Answer 37

PT/aPTT

Question 38

what does the Enterochromaffin cells secrete?

Answer 38

histamine

Question 39

what is a zymogen?

Answer 39

inactive enzyme

Question 40

This condition results from damage to nerves in the food tube (esophagus), preventing the esophagus from squeezing food into the stomach.

Answer 40

Achalasia

Question 41

Tripsinogen is used to digest what?

Answer 41

proteins

Question 42

glucose and galactose work with what ion?

Answer 42

sodium

Question 43

Ascites is caused by what 2 mechanisms?

Answer 43

- increase hydrostatic pressure | - activating RAA system

Question 44

What are the 3 GIP-anchored proteins released from liver during cholestasis?

Answer 44

- Alk Phos - 5' Nucleolidase - GGTP

Question 45

What is the major difference of Celiac Disease and lactose intolerance?

Answer 45

- celiac disease = allergy | - lactose intolerance = down-regulation of enzyme

Question 46

How do statins work?

Answer 46

inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzyme to prevent cholesterol synthesis

Question 47

How do bile acid binding resins work?

Answer 47

don't allow reabsorption of bile