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GI Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the path through the GI tract

A 
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Asc. colon
Transverse colon
Desc. colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
1/3 of anal canal
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2
Q

Where is the intertubercular plane?

A

Where the abdominal aorta bifurcates (L4)

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3
Q

Where is the subcostal plane?

A

Beneath the most inferior rib

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4
Q

Where is the transpyloric plane?

A

Halfway between jugular notch and superior pubic symphysis.

Tip of 9th costal cartilage

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5
Q

What lies on the transpyloric plane? (7)

A 
Gallbladder
Pylorus of stomach
D1 of duodenum
Duodeno-jejunal flexure
Hepatic flexure of colon
Splenic flexure of colon
Neck of pancreas
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6
Q

Where is McBurney’s point?

A

On the right side of abdomen!

2/3rds along a line joining umbilicus and right ASIS

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7
Q

Why is McBurney’s point important?

A

Appendix lies here

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8
Q

Where is the intercristal plane?

A

Lies along highest point of the pelvis

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9
Q

What’s the lateral superior region of the abdomen called?

A

R + L hypochondrium

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10
Q

What’s the lateral-medial region of the abdomen called?

A

R + L flank

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11
Q

What’s the lateral inferior region of the abdomen called?

A

R + L iliac fossa

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12
Q

What’s the medial superior region of the abdomen called?

A

Epigastrium

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13
Q

What’s the middle region of the abdomen called?

A

Umbilicus

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14
Q

What’s the medial inferior region of the abdomen called?

A

Hypogastrium/ Suprapubic

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15
Q

What regions follow the flank posteriorly?

A

Lion and lumbar region

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16
Q

List the muscles of the abdomen working your way IN.

A 
Serratus anterior
External oblique (and its aponeurosis)
Internal oblique
Transverse oblique
Rectus abdominis
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17
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

Fibrous structure running down midline of the abdomen (from xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis)

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18
Q

What doesn’t cross the midline of the abdomen?

A

Muscle fibres

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19
Q

What structures make up the foregut? (8)

A

Oesophagus, stomach, D1 and D2 of duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen

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20
Q

Blood supply of the foregut?

A

Coeliac trunk

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21
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the foregut?

A

Greater splanchnic nerve (T5-9)

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22
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of foregut?

A

Vagus

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23
Q

Pain in foregut is referred to?

A

Epigastrium

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24
Q

What structures lie in the midgut?

A

D3 and D4 of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, 2/3 along transverse colon

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25
Blood supply of midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
26
Sympathetic innervation of midgut?
Lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-11)
27
Pain in midgut is referred to?
Umbilicus
28
What structures lie in the hindgut?
Last 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper 1/3 anal canal
29
Blood supply of the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
30
Innervation of the hindgut?
Least splanchnic nerve (T12)
31
The rectus abdominis is surrounded by what structure?
Rectus sheath
32
Relationship between rectus abdominis and aponeurosis of transverse oblique
Aponeurosis of TO passes BEHIND the rectus abdominis
33
Relationship between rectus abdominis and internal oblique
One part of IO passes OVER and the other part BEHIND the rectus abdominis muscle
34
Relationship between rectus abdominis and aponeurosis of external oblique
Aponeurosis of EO passes OVER the rectus abdominis
35
What are the 3 ligaments of the liver?
Coronary ligament Falciform ligament Round ligament (ligamentum teres)
36
What does the coronary ligament do?
Attaches the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm
37
What does the falciform ligament do? (2)
Attaches liver to the anterior abdominal wall | Separates liver into R + L lobes
38
Where does the stomach lie in relation to the liver?
Stomach lies deep to the left lobe of the liver
39
Where does the stomach lie in relation to the liver?
Stomach lies deep to the left lobe of the liver
40
Where does the gallbladder lie in relation to the liver?
Gallbladder sits on inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver
41
What is the lesser omentum?
Thin fatty sheet of tissue containing blood vessels and nerves
42
How is the lesser omentum attached?
Attaches the lesser curvature of stomach to the liver superiorly. Contains the portal triad entering the porta hepatis
43
What is the free edge of the lesser omentum called?
Epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow)
44
What is the porta hepatis and why is it important?
Deep fissure on inferior surface of liver. | Contains portal triad.
45
What is the portal triad? (from posterior to anterior --> VAD)
Portal vein Hepatic artery Bile duct
46
What is the greater omentum?
Double layer of peritoneum that sits over the small intestines and encloses the transverse colon
47
How is the greater omentum attached?
Attached to the greater curvature of the stomach, descends and then doubles back to attach onto the posterior abdominal wall
48
What is the lesser sac?
Peritoneal space behind the stomach
49
What forms the lesser sac?
Lesser omentum. | Epiploic foramen forms its entrance
50
What 3 arteries branch off the celiac trunk?
Common hepatic artery Splenic artery Left gastric artery
51
What branches off the common hepatic artery?
Right gastric artery Proper hepatic artery Gastroduodenal artery
52
Which artery gives the right gastroepiploic artery?
Gastroduodenal artery
53
Which artery gives the left gastroepiploic artery?
Splenic artery
54
Branches of the left gastric artery?
Oesophageal arteries | Short gastric arteries
55
Where does the gastroduodenal artery lie?
Behind D1 of duodenum
56
Blood supply to the small bowel?
Branches coming off the left side of SMA
57
Branches of the SMA?
``` Middle colic (transverse colon) Right colic (asc. colon) Ileocolic (distal ileum, cecum, appendix) ```
58
Branches of the IMA?
Left colic (desc. colon) Sigmoid artery Superior rectal artery
59
Is the duodenum retroperitoneal or extraperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
60
What's imporant about D2 of the duodenum?
Where common bile/pancreatic duct enter
61
What's important about D3 of duodenum?
SMA and SMV run over it
62
Where does the ileum join the cecum?
At ileocecal valve
63
What are the two mobile parts of the colon?
Transverse colon Sigmoid colon (Both have a mesentery.)
64
What are the two immobile parts of the colon?
Ascending colon Descending colon (Both are retroperitoneal.)
65
How can you distinguish large bowel from small bowel? (3)
Appendicies epiploicaes Haustral folds Teniae coli
66
What gives the small bowel its large SA? (4)
Large length Plicae circulares Villi Microvilli
67
How does the blood supply of the jejunum and ileum differ?
Jejunum: - Long vasa recta - Long arcades Ileum: - Short vasa recta - Multiple short arcades on top of each other
68
How can you differentiate jejunum from ileum? (4)
Jejunum: - Red - Many plicae circulares - Less fat - Lymph aggregates (Peyer's patches) less common Terminal ileum: - Pink - Fewer plicae circulares - More fat - Lymph aggregates (Peyer's patches) common
69
What is the upper extent of the abdominal cavity?
5th intercostal cartilage (diaphragm)
70
What's the lower extent of the abdominal cavity?
Pubic symphysis
71
What embryological structure forms the ligamentum teres/ round ligament?
Umbilical vein (from placenta back to liver)
72
What structures lie behind the lesser sac?
Pancreas | Diaphragm
73
Where does lymph from the small bowel drain?
Into the cisterna chyli and up thoracic duct
74
What foodstuffs are absorbed through the lymphatic system?
Lipids
75
Cystic artery is a branch of which artery?
Right hepatic artery (more commonly)
76
What separates the R +L lobes of the liver posteriorly?
Ligamentum venosum
77
What structure degenerates to form the ligamentum venosum?
Ductus venosum | on posterior side, caudate side
78
What are the four lobes on the inferior surface of the liver?
``` Right lobe (caudate lobe and quadrate lobe) Left lobe ```
79
What structures enclose the caudate lobe? (3)
IVC Groove for the ligamentum venosum Porta hepatis
80
What structures enclose the quadrate lobe? (3)
Gallbladder Porta hepatis Groove for ligamentum teres
81
Where is the bare area of the liver?
Under the central tendon of the right side of the diaphragm
82
Surface marking of the fundus of the gallbladder?
Tip of 9th costal cartilage
83
Where do the hepatic veins drain?
Directly into the IVC
84
Name the regions of the pancreas (5)
Head (head and uncinate process) Neck Body Tail
85
What regions lie in close proximity to the head of the pancreas? (4)
``` Hepatic portal vein Bile duct Pancreatic duct SMA SMV ```
86
Name the regions of the stomach (5)
``` Cardia Fundus Body Antrum Pylorus ```
87
The inner membrane of the stomach is folded into...
Rugae
88
What structures form the common bile duct?
R + L hepatic ducts | Cystic duct
89
What is the sphincter of Oddi?
Muscular valve that keeps food from entering the ducts
90
Where is the sphincter of Oddi located?
On medial wall of duodenum, between D2 and D3
91
What structures enter the liver?
Portal vein | Hepatic artery
92
What structures leave the liver?
Hepatic ducts | Hepatic veins
93
What is the ampulla of Vater?
Opening of the bile/pancreatic ducts into duodenum
94
What is the nerve supply to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Taste: Facial CN VII General: Trigeminal CN Vc Motor: Hypoglossal CN XII
95
What is the nerve supply to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Taste: glossopharyngeal CN IX General: glossopharyngeal CN IX Motor: hypoglossal CN XII
96
What innervates the salivary glands?
Facial nerve [CN VII]: submandibular and sublingual | Glossopharyngeal nerve [CN IX]: parotid gland
97
What encloses the hard palate?
Maxilla | Palatine bone
98
What forms the soft palate? (5)
``` Tensor palatine Levator palatine Musculus uvuli Palataglossus Palatopharyngeus ```
99
What are the attachments of the muscles of the tongue?
Hyoid bone
100
Function of the Eustachian tube?
To equalize air pressure on either side of tympanic membrane
101
What 3 bones form the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Vomer Septal cartilage
102
Name the four sinuses in the skull
Temporal sinus Ethmoid sinus Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus
103
Why is the maxillary sinus more prone to infection?
Opening into nasal cavity is from the top, so doesn't drain easily
104
What drains into the middle meatus?
Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinus
105
What drains into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
106
What drains into the superior meatus?
Sphenoid sinus
107
Where do the tonsils lie?
Gap between palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscle
108
Below what line do all the aponeuroses of the abdominal wall muscles travel anteriorly to the rectus abdominis?
``` Arcuate line (This happens in lower 1/3 of abdomen.) ```
109
What is the parasympathetic nerve supply of the hindgut?
Sacral 2, 3, 4
110
Medial border of Calot's triangle?
Common hepatic artery
111
Inferior border of Calot's triangle?
Cystic duct
112
Superior border of Calot's triangle?
Inferior border of the liver
113
What's structures lie in Calot's triangle?
R hepatic artery Cystic artery Lymph node of Lund Lymphatics
114
Why is Calot's triangle important?
Important in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (removal of gallbladder)
115
What structure lies behind the head of the pancreas?
IVC
116
A duodenal ulcer can cause bleeding from which vessel?
Gastroduodenal artery

Anatomy (13 decks)

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