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GI Flashcards

1
Q

Alginate-containing Antacid

A

Gaviscon

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2
Q

Alginate

A

Mixture of compounds extracted from brown algae. Alginate forms raft on stomach content surface reducing reflux and protects the esophageal mucosa.

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3
Q

Antacid

A

Bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate

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4
Q

Indications for Antacids

A
  1. GORD
  2. Heartburn
  3. Indigestion
  4. Acid regurgitation
  5. Non-ulcerating dyspepsia (indigestion)
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5
Q

Contra-indications for Antacids

A
  1. Hypophosphatemia
  2. Renal Impairment
  3. Hepatic Impairment
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6
Q

Side-effects of Anatacids

A 
Excess abdominal distention 
Hypophosphatemia 
Renal Impairment (Mg salts)
Diarrhoea (Mg salts)
Constipation (Al salts)
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7
Q

Possible Interactions of Antacids

A
  1. May damage enteric-coated tablets
  2. Increase absorption of: ACEi, antibiotics, digoxin and Iron
  3. Increases excretion of Lithium
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8
Q

Patient info for Antacids

A

QDS (4 times a day) after meals and before bed, can be used in preganancy

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9
Q

Ranitidine

A

H2 Antagonists

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10
Q

H2 Antagonists

A

Competitive inhibitor of H2 antagonist preventing gastric secretions by parietal cells. There are 3 major gastric acid secretion pathways and the one stimulated by histamine is inhibited

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11
Q

Indications for H2 Antagonists

A
  1. Benign gastric or duodenal ulcers
  2. Chronic episodic dyspepsia
  3. GORD
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12
Q

Contra-indications for H2 Antagonists

A

Stomach cancer, porphyria, hepatic/ renal impairment

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13
Q

Side effects of H2 Antagonists

A 
DIarrhoea
GI/ LFT disturbances
Headache, dizziness or fatigue
Rash 
Rare: pancreatitis, bradycardia, AV block
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14
Q

Possible Interactions of h2 Antagonists

A

Inhibits CYP450 enzymes increasing bioavailability of oral anticoagulants, phenytoin, carbamazepine, quinidine, nifedipine, theophylline, TCAs

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15
Q

Omeprazole

A

Proton Pump Inhibitor

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16
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitor

A

Binds irreversibly to H+/K+ ATPase in parietal cells in the stomach preventing acid secretion

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17
Q

Indications for Omeprazole

A
  1. GORD
  2. Dyspepsia
  3. Oesophagitis
  4. Gastric/ Duodenal Ulcers
  5. H. Pylori
  6. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
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18
Q

Contraindications for Omeprazole

A
  1. GI disturbance
  2. Diarrhoea
  3. Headache
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19
Q

Possible Interactions for Omeparazole

A

Inhibits CYP450 enzymes increasing bioavailability of oral anticoagulants, phenytoin, carbamazepine

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20
Q

Elimination of Omeprazole

A

80% renal and 20% faecal

21
Q

Loperamide

A

Antidiarrheal agents

22
Q

Anti-diarrhoeal Agents

A

Binds to opioid receptors in the gut wall reducing peristalsis and colonic mass movements. Substances stay in gut longer so more water is absorbed creating firmer stools. Loperamide is an opioid butdoesn’t work as an analgesic.

23
Q

Indications for loperamide

A

Acute and chronic diarrhoea

24
Q

Contra-indications for anti-diarrhoeals

A
  1. UC

2. Antibiotic associated colitis

25
Side effects of anti-diarrhoeals
1. Bowel obstruction when used excessively 2. Opioid causing Nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression 3. Hypersensitivity -urticariaa
26
Possible Interactions of Loperamide
Domepridone and metocolpramide prevents gastric emptying
27
Patient information for Loperamide
1. Should not be used chronically 2. Should be used after bowel movement 3. Stop drug if bloating or distension develops
28
Senna
Laxative
29
Laxatives
Senna is hydrolysed in the colon to form anthracine glycoside derivatives which stimulates the mesenteric plexus promoting smooth muscle activity ande defecation
30
Indications for Senna
Constipation
31
Contraindications for Senna
Intestinal Obstruction
32
Side effects of Lazatives
1. Abdominal cramps and Diarrhoea | 2. Rare: hypokalaemia
33
Patient information for Senna
Single dose produces effect in 8 hours
34
Mesalazine
Aminosalicylates
35
Aminosalicytates
Releases 5-aminosalicylic acid in the bowel altering cytokine function. Used to treat Crohns to reduce inflammation
36
Drugs that deliver 5-aminosalicylic acid in different ways
- Mesalazine delivers to large bowel - Olsalazine delivers in lower bowel - Balsalazide = Mesalazine attached to a protein carrier - Sulfasalazine has different properties which deliver it to large bowel
37
Ways in which aminosalicylates is given
Tablets for colitis Enemas for distal colitis Suppositories for proctitis
38
Indications for Mesalazine
1. Mild-moderate Ulcerative Colitis 2. Ulcerative Colitis flare prophylaxis 3. Sulfasalzine is DMARD for Rheumatic Arthritis
39
Contraindications for Mesalazine
1. Hypersensitivity | 2. Renal/ hepatic impairment
40
Side effects of Mesalazine
1. Diarrhoea, N&V, abdominal discomfort | 2. Hypersensitivity
41
Possible interactions of Mesalazine
1. Lactulose and other alkaline agents prevents formation of 5-aminosalycylic acid in gut 2. Azathioprine as Mesalazine prevents azathioprine metabolism causing depression of the bone marrow
42
Metoclopramide
Anti-emetics
43
Anti-emetics
1. Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist in the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the CNS prevents Nausea and vomiting 2. It increases peristalsis of the duodenum and jejunum and relaxes pyloric sphincter 3. Increases transport of food through the GI tract
44
Indications of Anti-emetics
Nausea and Vomiting Migraine Gastroparesis (poor stomach emptying) Lactation
45
Contraindications
1. Pheochromocytoma 2. Parkinson's disease 3. Clinical Depression
46
Side-effects of Metoclopramide
1. Focal dystonia 2. HTN 3. Hyperprolactinaemia
47
Possible interactions of Metoclopramide
Metoclopramide reduces effect of morphine and Levodopa
48
Patient information for Metoclopramide
If patient experiences muscle spasms stop medicine
49
Enemas
procedure in which liquid or gas is injected into the rectum, to expel its contents or to introduce drugs or permit X-ray imaging.

Y3 Drugs (9 decks)

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