Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

General Surgery > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

(47 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Causes of constipation (electrolyte)

A

Hypercalcaemia

Hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What will happen to psoas shadow if abdomen is filled with fluid

A

Psoas shadow disappears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does flexible sigmoidoscopy go up to?

A

Up to splenic flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does colonoscopy go up to?

A

Terminal ileus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

Protrusion of an organ from the abdominal cavity into thorax through oesophageal hiatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Investigations of hiatus hernia

A

OGD gold standard

Upwards displacement of Z line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Indications for surgery in hiatus hernia

A

Symptomatic despite medical therapy
If increased risk of strangulation/volvulus
If nutritional failure due to GOO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Surgical management of hiatus hernia

A

Cruroplasty: hernia reduced back into abdomen, mesh to strengthen repair
Fundoplication: fundus wrapped around LOS and stitched into place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Complications of hernia surgery

A

Recurrence
Abdominal bloating
Dysphasia
Fundal necrosis if blood supply disrupted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Complications of hiatus hernia

A

Prone to incarceration and strangulation
Gastric volvulus
Borcharts triad: severe epigastric pain, retching without vomiting, inability to pass NG tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are haemorrhoids?

A

Distended and prolapsed anal cushions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinical features of haemorrhoids

A 
Bleeding
Prolapse 
Discharge
Pruritis
Pain sometimes
Aching/ dragging discomfort on defaecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Management of haemorrhoids

A 
Reassurance
Increase fluid
High fibre diets
Avoid straining and use laxatives
Surgical intervention: block vessels, rubber band ligation, submucosa injection of sclerosant, haemorrhoidectomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an anal fissure?

A

Lineal anal ulcer most frequently in posterior midline of anal canal
Anterior fissure seen in a Crohns and pregnancy
Skin tag sentinel pile, thickened mucosa at distal end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Causes of anal fissure

A

Idiopathic mostly
Hard faeces/ pregnancy
Dehydration
Crohns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Management of anal fissure

A 
Alleviate pain and spasm 
High fibre diet/fluids
Stool softener/ bulk laxatives
Analgesic cream and warm baths
GTN ointment, oral or topical diltiazem 
Boutilism toxin injection (reduce sphincter tone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Medical management of perianal warts

A

Imiquimod if inflammatory process

Risk of anal cancer if untreatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do perianal warts look like?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium with skin appendages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is anal intraepithelial neoplasia

Study These Flashcards
A

Pre-cancerous condition
Associated with HPV
Leads to anal cancel (squamous cell carcinoma)
Below dentate line

20
Q

Anal cancel clinical features

Study These Flashcards
A 
Rectal pain 
Rectal bleeding
Anal discharge
Pruritis
Presence of palpable mass
21
Q

Imaging of anal cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

Proctoscopy

USS-guided FNA of palpable lymph nodes

22
Q

Pilonidal sinus/abscess

Study These Flashcards
A

Arose from skin of natal cleft
Inflammation/infection of hair follicles at cleft of buttocks-> formation of Sinus
Pilonidal cysts, sinuses, and abscesses contain a next of hairs

23
Q

Risk factors for pilonidal abscess or sinus

Study These Flashcards
A

Young adults
Hirsute men
Sitting for long periods

24
Q

Does a pilonidal sinus communicate with the anal canal?

25
Organisms in anorectal abscess
E.coli Bacteriodes spp Enterococcus spp.
26
What is an anorectal abscess
Infection of anal glands in intersphincteric space which drain into crypts near the dentate line Spreads to perianal region (80%), ischiorectal, intersphincteric, supralevator abscess Communications with anal canal
27
Goodsall rule for fistula in año | Anorectal abscess complication
External opening posterior to transverse anal line: fistula tract will follow a curved course to posterior midline External opening anterior to transverse anal line: fistula tract will follow a straight radial course to the dentate line
28
Parks classification for anorectal abscess
``` Peri anal Intersphincteric Trans sphincters Supra sphincteric Extra sphincteric ```
29
Management of fistula in ano
Wound care Fistulotomy: secondary intention, laying tract open Seton: fixed suture, tract for drainage of abscess, no loss of continence
30
What is rectal prolapse
Herniation of rectum through pelvic floor Elderly females Commonly with defaecation and returns spontaneously Mucus discharge, bleeding, incontinence
31
Management of rectal prolapse
Dextrose to shrink via osmosis | Fixation or resection rectoscopy
32
Rectal prolapse partial and full thickness
Partial thickness: rectal mucosa protrudes out of anus | Full thickness: rectal wall protrudes out of anus, rectal fullness, tenesmus, repeated defecation
33
Imaging for GORD
Upper GI endoscopy to exclude malignancy | 24hr pH monitoring (DeMeester score), oesophageal manometer to exclude dysmotilith
34
What is achalasia?
Failure of LOS to relax | Progressive destruction of ganglion cells in myenteric plexus
35
Clinical features of achalasia
``` Dysphagia Vomiting Chest discomfort Endoscopy Manometry ```
36
Management of achalasia
CCB/ nitrates, Botox Endoscopic balloon dilatation, risk of perforation Laparoscopic Heller myotomy: division of fibres that DONT relax
37
What is diffuse oesophageal spasm?
Multi focal high amplitude contractions of the oesophagus Dysfunction of inhibitory nerves Can progress to achalasia
38
Manometry of diffuse oesophageal spasm vs achalasia
DOS: repetitive, simultaneous, ineffective contractions Achalasia: abscence of peristalsis, high resting LOS tone, failure of relaxation of LOS
39
Management of oesophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma: chemo-radiotherapy | Adenocarcinoma: neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy then oesophageal resection.
40
Oesophagectomy procedures
Ivor Lewis procedure | McKeown procedure
41
Boerhaaves syndrome
Spontaneous rupture of oesophagus
42
What is the Glasgow-Blatchford score?
Upper GI bleeding patients who are low risk and candidates for outpatient management 1 and above is high risk for needing intervention
43
Complete rockall score
Patients with clinical upper GI bleeding who have undergone endoscopy Risk of rebleeding and mortality after upper GI bleeding
44
What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
Severe peptic ulcer disease Gastric acid hypersecretion Gastrinoma MEN1 syndrome
45
Management of variceal bleeds
Terlipressin Octreptide Manage clotting abnormalities Endoscopic banding
46
What is Troisier sign?
Palpable left supraclavicular nod | Gastric cancer
47
What are Crockenbergs tumours?
Gastric tumours that can spread transcoelomically to ovaries

General Surgery (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions