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Year 1 Anatomy > GI Anatomy 3 > Flashcards

GI Anatomy 3 Flashcards

1
Q

On which side of the liver is the caudate lobe of the liver and what is it bounded by?

A

1) Visible on the posterior visceral surface of the liver
2) Bounded on the left by fissure for the ligamentum venosum (remnant of sinus venosus)
3) Bounded of the right by the groove for the vena cava

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2
Q

On which side of the liver is the quadrate lobe visible and what is it bounded by?

A

1) Visible on the anterior part of the visceral surface of the liver
2) Bounded on the left by fissure for the ligamentum teres
3) Bounded on the right by the fossa for the gall bladdr

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3
Q

What are the segments of the biliary tree?

A

1) Bile canaliculi
2) Eventually drain into left and right hepatic ducts
3) Join (usually at the porta hepatis) to form the common hepatic duct
4) Joined by cystic duct to form the common bile duct

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4
Q

What is the relative positions of the components of the portal triad?

A

Portal vein closest to IVC

Bile duct and hepatic artery proper anterior

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5
Q

Where does the common bile duct run after it leaves the free edge of the lesser omentum?

A

1) Posterior to the first part of the duodenum
2) Then enfolded by the head of the pancreas
3) Unites with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla

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6
Q

What is the blood supply to the gall bladder?

A

Cystic artery from the right hepatic artery (a branch of the hepatic artery proper)

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7
Q

What are the 3 parts of the gall bladder?

A

1) Fundus
2) Body
3) Neck

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8
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the duodenum?

A

First 2.5 cm is intraperitoneal

The rest is retro peritoneal

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9
Q

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum and where do they run from?

A

1) First part: Pyloric orifice of stomach to the right of the neck of the gall bladder (the right of the body of L1 vertebra)
2) Second part: Descending part: Neck of gall bladder to the lower border of L3
3) Third part: Inferior part: crosses IVC, aorta and vertebral column
4) Fourth part: Ascending part: Passes to the upper border of L2

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10
Q

Where does the first part of the duodenum pass relative to the bile duct, gastroduodenal artery, portal vein and IVC?

A

Anterior

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11
Q

Where does the inferior part of the duodenum pass relative to the superior mesenteric artery and vein?

A

Posterior

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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the duodenum?

A

1) Branches from the gastroduodenal artery (from celiac trunk)
2) Branches from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from superior mesenteric artery)
3) The first jejunal branch (from the superior mesenteric artery)

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13
Q

What is the peritoneal attachments of the pancreas?

A

Retroperitoneal

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14
Q

What are the parts of the pancreas?

A

1) Head
2) Neck
3) Body
4) Tail

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15
Q

Where does the uncinate process of the pancreas lie in relation to the superior mesenteric vein and artery?

A

Posterior to the vessels

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16
Q

The major duodenal papilla marks the boundary between which 2 portions of the GIT?

A

Foregut and midgut

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17
Q

What is the blood supply to the pancreas?

A

1) Pancreaticoduodenal arteries (from the gastroduodenal artery)
2) Pancreatic arteries (from the splenic artery)
3) Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from the superior mesenteric)

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18
Q

Where does the stomach lie in relation to the pancreas?

A

Anteriorly and superiorly

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19
Q

What effects might you expect from carcinoma of the head of the pancreas and why?

A

1) Weight loss and malnourishment (few enzymes)
2) Jaundice (blockage of bile duct)
3) Vomiting (Blockage of GI tract)
4) Dark urine and pale stools (excess bilirubin in the urine and none can leave via the bile duct)
5) Diabetes (possible disruption of endocrine function)

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20
Q

Why is carcinoma of the pancreatic head often inoperable?

A

Because the cancer encases the arterial vessels and arterial reconstruction is not a feasible option

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21
Q

In which region of the abdomen does the spleen lie?

A

In the left hypochondrium

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22
Q

To which ribs is the spleen related?

A

Lies against diaphragm in the area of rib 9 to 10

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23
Q

What vertebral level does the spleen lie at?

A

L1 ie. in the transpyloric plane

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24
Q

How many branches does the splenic artery divide into before it enters the spleen?

A

4 or 5

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25
Q

Which branches from the splenic artery supply the stomach?

A

Short gastric arteries

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26
Q

In what is the tail of the pancreas embedded?

A

The hilum of the spleen

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27
Q

The blood vessels and the tail of the pancreas run towards the spleen in what?>

A

The linorenal ligament

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28
Q

At what vertebral level does the aorta pass behind the diaphragm?

A

T12

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29
Q

At what vertebral level does the IVC pass into abdomen?

A

T8

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30
Q

At what vertebral level does the aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

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31
Q

What is the course of the right and left renal veins?

A

Right renal vein passes straight into hilum of the kidney

Left renal vein passes over the abdominal aorta and into hilum of kidney

32
Q

What are the positions of the abdominal aorta and the IVC relative to eachother?

A

The abdominal aorta lies to the left of the IVC

33
Q

What are the relative positions of the renal vein, artery and renal pelvis at the hilum of the kidney?

A

Renal vein is most anterior
Renal artery is posterior to the renal vein
Renal pelvis is most posterior

34
Q

What does the renal pelvis do and give rise to?

A

Collects all the urine produced by the kidneys and gives rise to the ureter

35
Q

What are renal columns?

A

Bands of cortex which pass into the medulla

36
Q

What are renal pyramids?

A

Sections of medulla which lie inbetween the renal columns of the cortex

37
Q

How many minor calices give rise to major calices?

A

2/3/4 minor calices would give rise to one major calyx

38
Q

How many major calices do we have that give rise to the renal pelvis?

A

2/3

39
Q

On what surfaces of the kidneys do the suprarenal glands sit?

A

On the supramedial surfaces

40
Q

What is perinephric fats?

A

Sits around the fibrous capsule of the kidney

41
Q

From what does the psoas muscle originate and what does it pass towards?

A

Originates from the lateral surfaces of the lumbar vertebrae

Runs towards the lower limb

42
Q

Which muscle sits within the iliac fossa?

A

The iliacus

43
Q

The iliacus muscle and psoas muscle unite to form what? Where does this pass and what is its role?

A

Iliacus muscle joins with the psoas muscle to form the iliopsoas muscle, the joint tendon from these 2 muscles passes to the femur, this muscle is an important flexur of the thigh

44
Q

What is the quadratus lumborum muscle and where does it originate from and pass to?

A

Quadrangular shaped muscle on the posterior abdominal wall, superior to the iliacus muscle
Originates from the 12th rib and passes inferiorly towards the iliac crest

45
Q

What are the 3 nerves which run on the posterior abdominal wall on which the kidney sits? What are there relative positions, what kind of nerves are they and what do they supply?

A

1) Most superiorly = Subcostal nerve (T12)
2) Inferior to that = Ileohypogastric nerve (L1)
3) Inferior to that = ileoinguinal nerve (L1)
Both the ileohypogastric and ileoinguinal branch from L1
All 3 are somatic nerves and supply the body wall, motor to the muscles of anterior lateral aspects of body wall and sensory from the skin

46
Q

At what point does the ureter pass into the pelvis?

A

At the bifurcation of the common iliacs into internal and external iliacs

47
Q

What muscle does the ureter pass along as it courses from the renal pelvis to the pelvis?

A

The psoas muscle

48
Q

What 3 paired bones make up the pelvic bone and where do they join?

A

1) Ilium
2) Pubis
3) Ischium
Join at the acetabulum
Also have the sacrum bone

49
Q

As the falciform ligament runs towards the liver, what lies on the posterior surface of the liver and what is it a remnant of?

A

The ligamentum venosum
Remnants of the ductus venosus in the embryo which was to bypass the liver in the embryo as blood had already been detoxified by the mother

50
Q

What are the ‘peritoneal attachments’ of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Runs retroperitoneally

51
Q

What arteries branch off the inferior mesenteric?

A

1) Left colic (runs up towards splenic flexure)
2) Sigmoidal
3) Superior rectal

52
Q

What are the relative positions of the inferior mesenteric vein and artery?

A

The inferior mesenteric vein lies to the left of the inferior mesenteric artery

53
Q

What parts of the GIT does the inferior mesenteric vein receive blood from?

A

1) Rectum
2) Sigmoid colon
3) Splenic flexure

54
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into?

A

The splenic vein

55
Q

Where do the hepatic duct and the cystic duct unit to form the common bile duct?

A

Some way along the free edge of the lesser omentum

56
Q

The greater omentum runs from where to where?

A

The greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

57
Q

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus enter the abdomen?

A

T10

58
Q

What are the 5 parts of the stomach?

A

1) Cardia - opening of oesophagus into stomach = cardiac orifice
2) Fundus
3) Body
4) Antrum (or pyloric antrum)
5) Pylorus

59
Q

The left and right gastric arteries come off where?

A

Left gastric - direct branch of celiac trunk

Right gastric - off the common hepatic artery

60
Q

The left and right gastro-omental arteries come off where?

A

Left gastro-omental - off the splenic artery

Right gastro-omental - off the gastroduodenal artery (off common hepatic artery)

61
Q

What are the relative positions of the superior mesenteric artery and vein?

A 
Left = superior mesenteric artery
Right = superior mesenteric vein
62
Q

What are the 2 features of the blood vessels running towards the jejunum and ilium?

A

1) Arterial arcades

2) Vasa vecta - straight arteries that run from the arterial arcades to the SI

63
Q

Where do veins from the jejunum and ileum run?

A

Parallel to arteries and return digested food to superior mesenteric vein which ultimately unites with the splenic vein to form the portal vein

64
Q

What 3 vessels come off the superior mesenteric to supply the colon?

A

1) Middle colic - runs up and through the transverse mesocolon to supply the transverse colon
2) Right colic - Runs across abdomen and heads to ascending colon and hepatic flexure
3) Ileocolic - gives off branches to the distal ileum and the cecum, the appendix also receives a branch from the ileocolic artery

65
Q

What does the conjoint tendon insert into?

A

The pelvic bone

66
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

67
Q

What are the ovaries covered in?

A

Peritoneum

68
Q

The liver develops within what structure?

A

The ventral mesentery

69
Q

what is the gastrocolic ligament made up of?

A

The greater omentum and the transverse mesocolon

70
Q

Where does the external oblique muscle extend from and what does it attach to?

A

The lower 8 ribs

Attaches to the iliac crest and forms the inguinal ligament which runs from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle

71
Q

Where does the internal oblique extend from superiorly, posteriorly and inferiorly?

A

Superiorly, costal margin
Posteriorly the thoracolumbar fascia
Inferiorly the iliac crest and lateral 2/3 of the inguinal ligament

72
Q

Where does the tranverse abdominis extend from superiorly, posteriorly and inferiorly?

A

Superiorly - the costal margin
Posteriorly - the thoracolumbar fascia
Inferiorly - Iliac crest and the lateral 1/3 of the inguinal ligament

73
Q

What nerves supply the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Anterior rami of the intercostal nerves - T7-T12

Also have contributions from the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1) which run posterior to the kidney

74
Q

Why, when the spleen enlarges, does it not travel inferiorly but travels anteriorly and diagonally?

A

Because the phrenicocolic ligament prevents it from enlarging inferiorly

75
Q

What are the peritoneal arrangements of the ascending and descending colon?

A

Secondarily retroperitoneal

Year 1 Anatomy (13 decks)

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