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GI Anatomy Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

where does the greater omentum attach?

A

greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon

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2
Q

where does the lesser omentum attach?

A

lesser curvature of stomach to liver

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3
Q

what is the mesentery of the sigmoid colon called?

A

sigmoid mesocolon

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4
Q

what is the mesentery of the transverse colon called?

A

transverse mesocolon

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5
Q

name the function of the falciform ligament

A

it attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

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6
Q

what is the line in the middle of the anterior abdominal wall called?

A

linea alba

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7
Q

at which vertebral levels does the abdominal aorta start and finish?

A

T12 to L4

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8
Q

how do blood vessels reach the peritonised structures?

A

through that structure’s mesentery

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9
Q

name and number the layers of peritoneum

A

two layers, visceral and parietal

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10
Q

name the structure connecting the lesser and greater omental sac

A

epiploic foramen of Winslow

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11
Q

which structures in the abdomen are retroperitoneal?

A 
abdominal aorta
most of duodenum
pancreas
ascending/descending colon
kidneys
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12
Q

what are the structures that make up the triangle of Calot?

A

visceral surface of liver
common hepatic duct
cystic duct

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13
Q

how much bile can the gallbladder hold?

A

up to 50ml

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14
Q

in which abdominal region is pain related to gallbladder felt?

A

right hypochondriac region

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15
Q

where in the pancreas are islets of Langherans mostly found?

A

in tail of pancreas

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16
Q

which are the main surface landmarks for the spleen?

A

it sits between 9th and 11th rib

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17
Q

what is the blood supply of the abdominal organs, and at which vertebral level do these vessel originate?

A

celiac trunk (T12)
superior mesenteric artery (L1)
inferior mesenteric artery (L3)

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18
Q

what are the three main branches of the celiac trunk, and what do they supply?

A

left gastric artery - stomach
splenic artery - spleen and pancreas
hepatic artery - liver and gallbladder

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19
Q

what are the junctions of the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

A

foregut to midgut: duodenum, just under sphincter of Oddi

midgut to hindgut: 2/3 of transverse colon

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20
Q

name the blood supply to the foregut, midgut and hindgut respectively

A

foregut: celiac trunk
midgut: superior mesenteric artery
hindgut: inferior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

is the small intestine completely peritonised?

A

no, duodenum is mostly retroperitoneal

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22
Q

how many parts does the duodenum have?

A

4 parts

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23
Q

which part of the duodenum receives bile and pancreatic enzymes?

A

second part

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24
Q

what are the main branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A 
jejunal artery
ileal artery
iliocolic artery
right colic artery
middle colic artery
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25
what are the main branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
left colic artery sigmoid arteries superior rectal artery
26
where is the appendix most often found, and what is it full of?
retrocecal | full of lymphoid tissue
27
what is MacBurney's point?
the point of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis
28
what is the parasympathetic supply to the abdominal organs?
- CNX (vagus) | - S2-S4 (pelvic splanchnic nerves)
29
what is the sympathetic supply to the abdominal organs?
- T5-L2/3 (abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves) - prevertebral ganglia - autonomic aortic plexus
30
name the characteristic of abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves compared to thoracolumbar sympathetic nerves
fibres don't synapse at paravertebral ganglion but go straight through and synapse at a prevertebral ganglion next to target organ
31
what is the difference between sympathetic prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia, and the nerve fibres that synapse there?
- paravertebral: sympathetic chain, receive short preganglionic fibres and send out long postganglionic fibres - prevertebral: next to target organ, receive long preganglionic fibres and send out short postganglionic fibres
32
what part of the ANS do splanchnic and pelvic splanchnic nerves belong to?
pelvic splanchnic - parasympathetic | splanchnic - sympathetic
33
which veins make up the portal vein?
superior mesenteric vein (joined by inferior mesenteric) | splenic vein
34
where is the portal vein formed? at which vertebral level?
behind neck of pancreas, vertebral level L2
35
what are the three main sites of portocaval shunts and possible varices?
- oesophageal junction - umbilical - anorectal junction
36
which lymph node groups drain which areas of the abdomen?
celiac nodes drain foregut superior mesenteric nodes drain midgut inferior mesenteric nodes drain hindgut
37
what are the three group of lumbar lymph nodes, and what do they drain? provide examples of specific blood vessels
pre-aortic - drain anterior branches of aorta lateral aortic - drain lateral branches of aorta retro-aortic - drain posterior abdominal wall
38
where does the inguinal ligament run from and to?
anterior iliac spine to pubic tubercle
39
what are the contents of the inguinal canal that differ in men and women?
men - spermatic cord | women - round ligament of uterus
40
what is the inguinal ligament an aponeurosis of?
external oblique muscle
41
what is the innervation of the transversalis muscle and the internal oblique muscles?
- thoracoabdominal/subcostal muscles - iliohypogastric - ilioinguinal
42
what is the innervation of the external oblique and rectus abdominis muscles?
- thoracoabdominal/subcostal muscles
43
at which vertebral levels do the thoracic nerves supplying the anterior abdominal muscles arise?
T6-T12
44
how is the rectus sheath arranged above and below the umbilicus?
above umbilicus - rectus abdominis sits in between layers | below umbilicus - all three layers sit on top of rectus abdominis
45
what makes up the roof of the inguinal canal?
- transversalis fascia | - aponeuroses of transversalis, int oblique and ext oblique
46
what makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
- transversalis fascia - conjoint tendon - deep inguinal ring
47
what makes up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
- aponeuroses of int and ext oblique | - superficial inguinal ring
48
what makes up the floor of the inguinal canal?
- inguinal ligament - lacunar ligament - iliopubic tract
49
what are the contents of the inguinal canal in males?
spermatic cord ilioinguinal nerve genitofemoral vessels
50
what are the contents of the inguinal canal in females?
round ligament of uterus ilioinguinal nerve genitofemoral vessels
51
what gives rise to the superior and inferior epigastric arteries?
superior: internal iliac artery inferior: external iliac artery
52
what are the histological layers of the gut tube? include sublayers
mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae) submucosa muscularis externa (concentric and longitudinal layer) serosa/adventitia
53
pain sensation from the parietal peritoneum comes from which nerves?
T6-L1
54
in which areas are portocaval anastemoses found, and why are they at risk in portal hypertension?
- found in esophagus, liver, umbilicus and rectoanal area; they're above and below abdominal cavity, therefore drain directly into systemic circulation. hypertension causes enlargement of these anastemoses
55
at which vertebral level are the kidneys found?
T12-L3
56
at which vertebral level are the adrenal glands found?
T11-T12
57
at which vertebral level is the pancreas found?
T12-L2
58
how long is the oesophagus roughly?
25cm
59
what are the three constriction points of the oesophagus?
cervical thoracic diaphragmatic
60
at which vertebral level does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?
T10
61
what are the contents of the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm?
oesophagus vagus nerve (anterior and posterior) branches of gastric artery
62
what is the blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage of the abdominal oesophagus?
blood supply: left gastric artery branches venous drainage: left gastric vein/oesophageal veins symphatics: celiac lymph nodes (ie gastric)
63
what are the three groups of lymph nodes which make up the celiac lymph nodes?
gastric hepatic splenic
64
what is the blood supply to the stomach, and where do these vessels arise from?
left gastric artery (celiac trunk) left gastro-omental artery (splenic artery) right gastro-omental artery (hepatic artery)
65
what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the small intestine?
arterial supply: superior mesenteric artery | venous drainage: superior mesenteric vein
66
what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the large intestine?
first part: superior mesenteric artery/vein | second part: inferior mesenteric artery/vein
67
what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the rectum?
superior 1/3 - superior rectal artery/vein middle 1/3 - middle rectal artery/vein inferior 1/3 - inferior rectal artery/vein
68
what is the function of the transverse rectal folds?
support weight of faeces before they enter the anal canal
69
what structures are found in the falciform ligament?
``` paraumbilical vessels round ligament (ligamentum teres) ```
70
which structure in the falciform ligament is derived from the umbilical vein?
round ligament (ligamentum teres)
71
what is the round ligament in the falciform ligament a remnant of?
umbilical vein
72
why are the paraumbilical veins in the falciform ligament important?
because they are a portocaval shunt, therefore a site of varices and bleeding in portal hypertension
73
where are the paracolic gutters and what is their significance?
lie laterally to the large intestine | they provide communication along the length of the abdominal cavity, important for spread of infection
74
what type of cells are found in gastric pits and gastric glands?
gastric pits - mucus cells | gastric glands - chief cells, parietal cells, enterochromaffin-like cells
75
what do the cells in the gastric glands secrete?
chief cells: pepsinogen parietal cells: HCl and intrinsic factor enterochromaffin-like cells: histamine
76
what are the only two structures along the gut tube whose glands reach into the submucosa?
oesophagus | duodenum
77
what are Peyer's patches, in which area of the gut tube are they found and in which layer of the gut tube wall?
immune cell collections found in the small intestine sit in the mucosa
78
what is the type of epithelium found in the small and large intestine?
simple columnar
79
where are crypts of Lieberkuhn found?
in small and large intestine
80
what are Paneth cells and where are they found?
Paneth cells are immune regulating cells, found in the small intestine crypts
81
are Paneth cells found in the colon?
no
82
which vertebral level does the transpyloric plane cross?
L1
83
where is the transpyloric plane located?
halfway between jugular notch and pubic symphysis
84
list some structures present in the transpyloric plane
``` L1 vertebra pyloric sphincter first part of duodenum neck of pancreas fundus of gallbladder liver hilum of kidneys spleen splenic flexure of colon ```
85
at which vertebral level does the portal vein arise?
L1/2
86
what vessel bifurcates right behind the umbilicus, and at which vertebral level?
aorta bifurticates into iliac arteries | level L4
87
in which region of the abdominal cavity is the spleen found?
left hypochondriac
88
does the spleen move with respiration?
yes
89
list 4 functions of the spleen
RBC storage blood filtration/recycling immune response phagocytosis
90
what structure is the hepatoduodenal ligament a part of, and what does it contain?
part of lesser omentum | contains portal triad
91
what is the portal triad made up of?
- hepatic artery - portal vein - hepatic duct
92
what structures form Calot's triangle?
- common hepatic duct - cystic duct - inferior surface of liver
93
which structure runs through Calot's triangle?
cystic artery
94
what main areas are found in the spleen? what do they each contain?
white pulp - contains lymphocytes | red pulp - contains RBC
95
what is the surface marking of the gallbladder?
9th right costal cartilage
96
which ribs are related to the spleen?
9th to 11th
97
which costal cartilage does the transpyloric plane cross?
9th costal cartilage
98
what is the innervation of the visceral and parietal peritoneum?
parietal - T6-L1 thoracoabdominal nerves | visceral - autonomic innervation
99
which heart chamber can press on the oesophagus above the diaphragm?
left atrium
100
what is the name of the cells in the GI tract that secrete mucus? how do they appear on histological sections?
goblet cells, look white on histological slide

Digestive System (6 decks)

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