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Digestive Sys Exam 3 > GI Diseases of Camelids & Farm Animal Diarrhea (Lakritz) > Flashcards

GI Diseases of Camelids & Farm Animal Diarrhea (Lakritz) Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Camelid GI

A

Camelid GI

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2
Q

(T/F) Camelids have 3 forestomach compartments

A

True

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3
Q

Camelids have 3 forestomach compartments:
- Is similar to rumen however there are differences
- Is NOT stratified like rumen. Mostly full of drier material unlike rumen
- Stratified means abnormality
- Has pillars

A

Compartment 1 (C1)

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4
Q

Camelids have 3 forestomach compartments:
- Is small and it is most like a reticulum in function

A

Compartment 2 (C2)

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5
Q

Camelids have 3 forestomach compartments:
- Is true stomach like the cows/sheep/goats abomasum
- Camelid stomach is a long, tubular structure with a thin wall except at the last 20% where the wall is thick. Thick area is where *gastric acid is produced and released into the stomach, unlike ruminant gastric compartment where glands are present throughout abomasum
- Last fifth contains gastric glands (enzymes, acid)

A

Compartment 3 (C3)

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6
Q

(T/F) Camelids have continuous growth of incisors

A

True
- They will need their incisors trimmed

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7
Q

What vitamin is important to give to camelids? Why?

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Camelids are covered in hair (fiber) which makes things difficult to synthesis of 1, 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3. They are also susceptible to mites/lice which makes them itchy and they chew off hair (fiber) from which the gastric compartment makes hair balls. (thus obstructive GI disease)
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8
Q

Parasite:
Is regarded as the most pathogenic species and has caused outbreaks of disease and death in young alpacas

A

Eimeria macusaniensis
- Not shed every day, present in animals with colic

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9
Q

Parasites:
“can kill animals”

A

Trichuris

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10
Q

Parasites:
“can make them look like they wanna die”
- Severe disease in camelids

A

Nematodirus

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11
Q

In alpacas that are less than a week of age, what is the most common problem?

A

Retention of the meconium (feces formed in utero) and causes some cria discomfort and colic
- Remedy: an enema

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12
Q

Older cria (2-10 months of age), especially those born to alpacas/llamas with little milk production are prone to get what?

A

Hair balls, because the cria is always hungry

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13
Q
  • depression, colic
  • Hypokalemia
  • No hypochloremia, no alkalosis
  • Azotemia
  • Febrile
  • Hypoalbuminemia
  • Neutropenia, increased neutrophils
  • Abdominocentesis increased protein, cells
A

Acute enteritis

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14
Q

List common GI problems in adult camelids:

A
  • Mega esophagus
  • Spiral colon impaction, volvulus
  • Abdominal neoplasia
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15
Q

What is the most common problem seen in camelids?

A

Parasitism
- May predispose to t=other problems

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16
Q

List cria common problems:

A
  • Distal intestinal
  • Some C3
  • Problems with the dam – Check Cria!
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17
Q

what may be associated with extra-intestinal causes?

A

Abnormal GI
- Renal, hepatic, stress …

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18
Q

Diarrheal Disease of Adult Cattle

A

Diarrheal Disease of Adult Cattle

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19
Q

List the common intestinal infection of adult cattle:

A
  • Bovine Virus Diarrhea virus (BVDV)
    • killed or modified live vaccines
  • Salmonellosis
    • S. typhimurium
    • S. dublin (host-adapted) (stressed)
    • S. newport (emerging problem)
  • Paratuberculosis/Johne’s Disease
  • Ostertagasis type II
  • Winter Dysentery (Coronaviral infection)
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20
Q

What is a virus that is found worldwide with > 80% of cattle being serologically positive?

A

Bovine Virus Diarrhea virus (BVDV)
- Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae

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21
Q

(T/F) BVDV is an immunosuppressive virus

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A

True, it doesn’t attack the respiratory system

22
Q

Mode of Transmission:
- Shed in oral, nasal secretions as well as feces and urine
- Found in semen
- Might be spread through biting insects
- Iatrogenically through blood contaminated instruments such as tattoo, needles
This is …

23
Q

Acute BVD
List the clinical signs usually seen in cattle less than 2 years of age:

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A
  • Fever
  • Depression
  • Diarrhea w/wo blood
  • Oral, esophageal, and abomasal ulcers
  • Less commonly, lameness with coronary ulcerations
  • Typical clinical course is 7-10 days with low mortality in uncomplicated cases
24
Q

BVD:
Calves develop ______________ when infected in-utero (about 80-120 days of gestation) due to body recognition of the virus as a self-antigen

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A

persistent infection

25
(T/F) PI cattle are more susceptible to many infections and most are treated for recurring disease, either respiratory or GI
True
26
What is associated with cattle that were born infected with BVDV during gestation?
Mucosal Disease - Prior to immunological development, the pathogen is not recognized by the immune responses as foreign
27
Clinical signs are usually amplified from those of acute BVD - Sever, explosive diarrhea - Severe gastrointestinal ulceration including necrosis of Peyer's patches - Erosion of the muzzle and oral cavity & esophagus - High fevers - Poor response to treatments - Mortality essentially 100%
Mucosal Disease
28
What is the most common viral cause of diarrhea in dairy cows?
*Winter Dysentery* and is due to infection with a *coronavirus* - Incubation is 3-5 days
29
What is a disease that generally takes a long time to manifest clinical signs?
Johnes Disease
30
What is the causative agent for *Johnes disease*?
*Mycobacterium avium*, sub-species paratuberculosis
31
List the clinical signs of Johnes Disease:
- Diarrhea - Weight loss/loss of condition - *Very, very good appetite* - they are not gaining weight - Once these clinical signs are evident, the animal may succumb to severe nutritional deprivation (found dead) - Organism grows slowly, do not manifest themselves until 2-7 years of age
32
List what is included when testing for Johnes disease:
- *Agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID)* - Serologic test - Very *SENSITIVE* - Takes some time (48hrs) for the test to incubate - It will detect organism at *lower level* than competitive ELISA - Complement fixation test - *Unreliable* - It is a test you could use if you wanted animal to *TEST NEGATIVE* - Not really used - Bacterial culture combined with PCR to detect the presence of the organism - Takes - Competitive ELISA - Serologic Test
33
What is a disease associated with young animals (<2 years) and is associated with *the consumption of L3 larvae on pasture followed by change in weather*?
Type II ostertagiasis - Most common pathogenic strongyles of cattle - Ostertagia ostergii in *abomasal wall* - *Hibernate in gastric glands* - Increases abomasal pH
34
(T/F) Ostertagia type II is fairly easy to diagnos e
False, difficult to diagnose
35
List the hallmarks of clinical disease for Type II ostertagiasis:
- Young animal - *Low* plasma protein - Alkaline pH of the abomasum (loss of acid production by glands associated with inflammation) - digestive enzymes are not activated -- pepsinogen activated to pepsin
36
Malignant catarrhal fever in North America is caused by:
Ovine Herpes Virus Type II
37
What is something that shows progressive clinical signs, illness including a respiratory tract that progresses in some cases to neurologic disease?
Malignant Catarrhal Fever - Bison are extremely susceptible to this disease
38
What is a question you would ask a client if you think their animal has MCF?
Ask owner if the bovine had any exposure to *Sheep*
39
(T/F) MCF is a sporadic disease
True
40
List the Clinical Signs for Malignant Catarrhal Fever:
- High mortality, low morbidity - Diarrhea - Catarrhal nasal exudate, ocular discharge - Corneal edema with hypopyon/retinitis - Lymphadenopathy - generalized - Pneumonia
41
(T/F) Stressed cattle shed salmonella and often asymptomatic
True
42
What are some *Other* causes for adult diarrhea in cattle?
- Copper Deficiency (tart) - Feeding indiscretions - Heart failure - Renal disease
43
Nutrition and Herd Health
Nutrition and Herd Health
44
Definition: pasture grass that has been 'pickled'
Silage
45
- The last 3 weeks of pregnancy and the first 3 weeks of lactation - Major change from pregnant dry cow to lactating (non-pregnant cow) - *Most health disorders occur during this time period* This is known as ...
Transition Period - Most common diseases: abomasal displacements, retained fetal membranes, ketosis, mastitis and even lameness (these problems make animals more susceptible to other diseases (pneumonia))
46
What is an important thing to do during the "transition period"?
Feeding animals appropriately is important for their milk production (productivity) as well preventing disease
47
List some *periparturient cow disorders*:
- Ruminal acidosis - Sub-clinical ketosis - *Hypo*calcemia
48
Camels fed potato chips: Why is feeding grain (about 80% phosphate), potato chips (phosphate), etc. bad?
- Especially in growing animals, calcium and phosphorus balance is critical (2:1 ratio of Ca:P) - It can result in *bone formation problems* and eventually *lameness* or *endocrine disease* (hyperparathyroidism)
49
If you diagnose lameness and observe abnormalities of the head in *a young camel*, what is this most likely associated with?
It is probably associated with an imbalance of Calcium:phosphorus or in some cases, hyperparathyroidism
50
Camels: If the client feels like the animal needs grain, what can they do?
Make sure the diet contains lots of calcium (at least 2:1 ration in growing camels)
51
What vitamin can cause a deficiency in Ca2+?
Vitamin D

Digestive Sys Exam 3 (7 decks)

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