GI DISORDER

Question 1

What are the categories of gastrointestinal disorders?

At what age is the gastrointestinal tract fully developed?

When is the muscle tone of the lower esophageal sphincter fully developed?

Answer 1

1. Structural anomalies of the GI tract
2. Acute GI disorders
3. Chronic GI disorders

The GI tract is not fully developed until age 2.

The muscle tone of the lower esophageal sphincter is not fully developed until 1 month old.

Question 2

Physical examination

What are the 6 diagnosis tetst

Define ERCP

Answer 2

Color
Abdomen
Skin
Auscultate
Palpate

1. Barium Swallow
2. Upper GI series (small bowel series)
3. Barium enema (lower series)
4. Stool Guaiac Test
5. Fiber optic Scopes
6. ERCP

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) - is a medical procedure used to diagnose and treat conditions of the bile and pancreatic ducts. It combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to visualize and access these ducts, allowing for both diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.

Question 3

What are the three types of Fiber Optic Scopes

Answer 3

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
A procedure using a flexible scope to view the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to diagnose issues like ulcers or bleeding.

Proctosigmoidoscopy
An exam of the rectum and sigmoid colon using a scope to check for problems like polyps or inflammation.

Colonoscopy – Descending Colon
A procedure to view the descending part of the colon using a colonoscope to detect issues like cancer, polyps, or inflammation.

Question 4

1.What should you do with the pouch?

2.How should you remove the pouch?

3.What should you pay attention to regarding the stoma?

4.What should the stoma look like?

5.What is the cleaning process for the stoma?

6.What should you do before applying a new pouch?

When should you notify the MD?

How often should pouches be changed?

Answer 4

Empty the pouch and measure for stool output several times/day.

Remove with a wet washcloth or adhesive remover.

1.Pay attention to stoma and surrounding skin; acid from stool may burn skin.

2.Stoma should be moist and pink/red.

3.Clean stoma and skin; allow to dry.

4.Measure the stoma, mark the new pouch backing, and cut the new backing to size; apply pouch.

5.Pouches should be changed every 1-4 days.

6.Notify MD if stool output greatly increases.

Question 5

What should you do if the stoma is prolapsed or retracted?

Answer 5

Management should be initiated.

Question 6

What should you educate patients about clothing?

Answer 6

Avoid tight or constricting clothing around stoma site.

Question 7

Where should ostomy supplies be stored?

Answer 7

Store ostomy supplies in a cool, dry place.

Question 8

What is the definition of Cleft Lip and Palate?

Answer 8

Lip and/or palate do not fuse during pregnancy

Cleft lip and palate can lead to various feeding and growth issues.

Question 9

What anomalies are often associated with Cleft Lip and Palate?

Answer 9

Heart defects and ear malformations

These associations can complicate the clinical management of affected individuals.

Question 10

What are some problems caused by Cleft Lip and Palate?

Answer 10

• Forming seal around nipple
• Excessive air intake
• Gagging
• Choking
• Nasal regurgitation
• Insufficient growth

These issues can significantly impact the feeding and development of infants with cleft lip and palate.

Question 11

At what age is repair surgery typically performed for Cleft Lip?

Answer 11

Around 2-3 months

Timely surgical intervention is crucial for improving feeding and speech outcomes.

Question 12

At what age is repair surgery typically performed for Cleft Palate?

Answer 12

Around 6-9 months

This is usually the recommended timeline to address palate issues for optimal development.

Question 13

True or False: Cleft Lip and Palate can lead to insufficient growth.

Answer 13

True

The feeding difficulties associated with cleft conditions can hinder proper growth.

Question 14

What is the best option for feeding an infant with a cleft lip and palate?

Answer 14

Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding provides better suction than a bottle.

Question 15

What position should an infant be placed in post-operative care for cleft lip and palate?

Answer 15

Supine or side-lying position

Question 16

What should be applied to protect the suture line after surgery?

Answer 16

Petroleum jelly

Question 17

What type of bandage is used post-operatively for cleft lip and palate?

Answer 17

Butterfly bandage

Question 18

What may be necessary to prevent movement of the arms in post-operative care?

Answer 18

Arm restraints

Question 19

What should be prevented to aid in recovery post-operatively?

Answer 19

Vigorous crying

Question 20

Fill in the blank: Breastfeeding is the best option for infants due to better _______ on breast vs bottle.

Answer 20

suction

Question 21

What is the definition of processus vaginalis?

Answer 21

When processus vaginalis fails to close properly

This condition is often associated with hernias.

Question 22

In which populations is the failure of processus vaginalis closure more common?

Answer 22

More common in boys and premature infants

This demographic trend highlights the need for awareness in pediatric care.

Question 23

What are the signs and symptoms of a hernia related to processus vaginalis?

Answer 23

Bulging mass in lower abdomen or groin area

The bulging mass is often noticeable and can be a cause for concern.

Question 24

What is the temporary fix for a hernia?

Answer 24

Reduction

This procedure is typically performed by a medical doctor (MD) or nurse practitioner (NP).

Question 25

What does the reduction procedure involve?

Answer 25

Push bulge back into inguinal ring ## Footnote This is a non-surgical method to address the hernia temporarily.

Question 26

What may happen if reduction does not work?

Answer 26

Hernia may be incarcerated ## Footnote Incarceration can lead to bowel strangulation, which is a medical emergency.

Question 27

True or False: Processus vaginalis closure failure is only a concern for adult males.

Answer 27

False It is more common in boys and premature infants.

Question 28

What condition is characterized by incomplete closure of the umbilical ring?

Answer 28

Umbilical hernia ## Footnote More common in premature infants and African Americans

Question 29

What are the signs and symptoms of an umbilical hernia?

Answer 29

Bulge or swelling near navel; may only be seen when infant cries, coughs or strains

Question 30

What is the typical treatment for an umbilical hernia?

Answer 30

Usually spontaneous closure by 4 years; surgery if does not close or is very large (rare)

Question 31

What management instructions should be given for an umbilical hernia?

Answer 31

Instruct on how to reduce; reduce as needed and notify HCP immediately if becomes hard, discolored, or painful

Question 32

1.What is the medical term for vomiting? 2.What does hypertrophic refer to in a medical context? 3.What is the condition characterized by the frequent passage of loose or watery stools? 4.What is the pyloric region associated with? 5.What condition results from excessive loss of body fluids? 6.What term describes a narrowing of a passage in the body? 7.What is appendicitis? 8.What is thrush?

Answer 32

1.Vomiting -Vomiting can occur due to various causes, including infections, gastrointestinal disorders, and metabolic disturbances. 2.Hypertrophic - Hypertrophic typically describes an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its cells. 3.Diarrhea - Diarrhea can be acute or chronic and may be caused by infections, food intolerances, or digestive disorders. 4.Pyloric - The pyloric region is the part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum of the small intestine. 5.Dehydration -Dehydration can occur due to vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, or inadequate fluid intake. 6.Stenosis - Stenosis can occur in various parts of the body, including blood vessels and the gastrointestinal tract. 7.Appendicitis - Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix, often requiring surgical intervention. 8.Thrush -Thrush is a fungal infection caused by Candida, often affecting the mouth and throat.

Question 33

What is intussusception?

Answer 33

Intussusception Intussusception occurs when a part of the intestine telescopes into an adjacent segment, potentially causing obstruction.

Question 34

What are the three phases of vomiting? What is the definition of vomiting? What questions should be asked to determine the cause of vomiting? What is the management for vomiting?

Answer 34

1. Prodromal period (nausea and signs of ANS stimulation) 2. Retching 3. Vomiting Considered to be a symptom of some other condition 1. When vomiting occurs 2. If projectile or effortless 3. What are the contents (bilious, bloody) 1. Oral rehydration 2. If not possible, IV fluids and/or antiemetics (ondansetron)

Question 35

1.What symptoms and signs (S/S) are associated with vomiting? 2.True or False: Retching is a phase of vomiting. 3.What are the possible contents of vomit that should be noted? 4.Fill in the blank: The prodromal period of vomiting includes _______ and signs of ANS stimulation. 5.What may help with vomiting for children over 2 years old?

Answer 35

1.Associated with diarrhea or pain 2. True 3.*Bilious * Bloody 4.nausea 5.Ginger in the form of capsules (10 mg), tea, or candied