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GI drugs Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

underlying causes of GI symptoms

A

infectious sources, dietary excess, adverse drug reaction, systemic diseases

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2
Q

symptoms can be

A

diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, bloat, ulcer development, or pain

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3
Q

structures of GI tract

A

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, sm. large intestines, liver, gall, pancreas

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4
Q

what regulates the GI tract

A

autonomic NS, GI hormones, special substances (histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin)

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5
Q

what does parasympathetic stimulation do

A

increases motility, increases GI secretions, and relaxes sphincters

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6
Q

cholinergic drugs ____ these actions and anticholinergic ____ these actions

A

stimulate, inhibit

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7
Q

sympathetic stimulation does what

A

decreases intestinal motility, decreases GI secretions, inhibits function of sphincter

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8
Q

hormones that control GI

A

gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

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9
Q

histamine in the GI

A

attaches to H2 receptors causing release of HCl

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10
Q

serotonin and prostaglandin are

A

not fully understanding

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11
Q

vomiting

A

initiated by emetic center in the brain

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12
Q

chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ)

A

pathways trigger CRTZ, pharynx, GI tract, urinary system, and heart can activate this center

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13
Q

what impulses vomiting

A

peripheral receptors (irritation), cerebral cortex (pain, excitement fear), CRTZ (inner ear, drugs, metabolic conditions)

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14
Q

emetics

A

induce vomiting, for poisoning or drug OD, know contraindications

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15
Q

if vomiting is contraindicated you can use…

A

activated charcoal

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16
Q

centrally acting emetics for dogs and cats

A

apomorphine for dogs and xylazine for cats

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17
Q

peripherally acting emetics

A

ipecac syrup, home remedies like hydrogen peroxide for dogs (1ml/lb)

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18
Q

antiemetics

A

control vomiting, alleviate discomfort

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19
Q

examples of antiemetics

A

phenothiazine, antihistamines, anticholinergic, procainamide, serotonin receptor agonist

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20
Q

phenothiazine derivatives

A

acts centrally, inhibit dopamine reactions in chemoreceptor trigger zone, decrease stim of vomiting

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21
Q

examples of phenothiazines

A

chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, ace

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22
Q

side effects of phenothiazines

A

sedation and hypotension

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23
Q

antihistamines

A

block input from the vestibular system to CRTZ through H1 blockade

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24
Q

side effects of antihistamines

A

sedation

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25
examples of antihistamines
dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, meclizine, promethazine (great for motion sickness/ inner ear abnormalities)
26
procainamide derivatives
works centrally and peripherally, speeds gastric emptying, strengthens cardiac sphincter, increase gastric contractions
27
when to not use procainamide
obstruction, perforation, hemorrhage
28
procainamide example
metoclopramide
29
serotonin receptor antagonists
works on 5-HT3 centrally and peripherally
30
examples of serotonin receptor antagonist
ondansetron
31
neurokinin receptor antagonist
work on NK1 receptors in center of brain, inhibit substance P which is neurotransmitter involved with vomiting
32
example of neurokinin receptor agonist
maropitant citrate (cerenia)
33
side effects of cerenia
pain at inj. site, anorexia, hypersalivation, diarrhea
34
antiulcer drugs
prevent ulcers (NSAIDS or corticosteroids)
35
gastric ulcers are caused by____
gastric acid
36
histamine 2 receptor antagonist
prevent acid reflux by blocking H2 in stomach and reduces gastric acid secretion
37
examples of H2 drugs
cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine
38
proton pump inhibitor
bind to sodium-potassium enzyme pump, inhibits H ion transport into stomach to not secrete HCl
39
examples of proton pump inhibitor
omeprazole, lansoprazole
40
antacids
neutralize HCl, may inhibit absorption of other drugs
41
examples of antacids
aluminum/magnesium hydroxide, milk of magnesia, calcium carbonate (tums)
42
mucosal protection drugs
combine with protein form an adherent substance that covers the ulcer and protects it from stomach acid and pepsin
43
example of mucosal protection
sucralfate
44
prostaglandin analogs
suppress gastric secretion and increase mucus production
45
example of prostaglandin analogs
misoprostol (given with NSAIDS)
46
antidiarrheals
decrease peristalsis, allows fluid absorption
47
opiate related drugs
control diarrhea decreasing both intestinal secretions and flow of feces
48
examples of opiate related drugs
diphenoxylate, loperamide, pectin (propectalin)
49
side effects of opiate related drugs
CNS depression, ileus, urine retention, bloat, constipation
50
protectants/adsorbants
coat inflamed intestinal mucosa
51
examples of protectants
bismuth, kaolin, pectin, charcoal, toxiban
52
probiotics
seed GI with beneficial bacteria, must be refrigerated
53
metronidazole
example of antibiotic used to treat diarrhea (giardia)
54
laxatives
loosens the bowel contents and encourages evacuation of stool without straining, helps with blockages
55
saline/hyperosmotic
pull water into colon and increase water content in the feces, salts may cause electrolyte imbalance
56
stimulants/irritants
increase peristalsis by chemically irritating nerve endings in mucosa (dulcolax and caster oil)
57
bulk forming
substance that absorb water in intestine increasing fecal bulk (pumpkin, bran)
58
surfactants/stool softeners
reduce surface tension and allow water to penetrate GI contents (lubricants)
59
mineral oil
soften fecal mass to make easier to move through GI tract in horses
60
laxatone
lube for cats
61
prokinetic agents
increase motility of parts of GI tract to enhance movement of material through it
62
dopaminergic agents
stim gastroesophageal sphincter, stomach, and intestines (metoclopramide)
63
serotonergic agents
stim motility of GI tract (cisapride)
64
antibiotics
not routinely used, C&S may indicate, bloody diarrhea possible, metronidazole
65
anti-inflammatory drugs
prednisone, azathioprine, sulfasalazine
66
antifoaming
reduce/prevent foaming especially in ruminants (makes them burp)
67
pancrelipase
contains lipase, amylase, and protease, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, can be irritating to skin and nasal passages

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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