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pharmacoloy/pain control > GI drugs > Flashcards

GI drugs Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What is a representative antimicrobial used for ulcer treatment?

A

Clarithromycin plus amoxicillin.

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2
Q

What are the uses of clarithromycin plus amoxicillin in ulcer treatment?

A

Peptic/duodenal ulcers.

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2
Q

Why is antimicrobial therapy required in ulcer prevention/treatment?

A

To prevent high incidence of relapse when treated with gastric acid secretion inhibitor only.

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of clarithromycin plus amoxicillin in ulcer treatment?

A

Eradicates H. pylori infection in the stomach or intestinal lumen.

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3
Q

What is a representative H2 antihistamine used for ulcer treatment?

A

Ranitidine (Zantac).

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ranitidine?

A

Blocks histamine-induced acid secretion by blocking H2 receptors.

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4
Q

What are the uses of ranitidine?

A

Peptic/duodenal ulcers, GERD.

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5
Q

What are key comments about ranitidine?

A

Second generation of its class, no H1 sedation, minimal metabolic interference.

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5
Q

What is a representative proton pump inhibitor used for ulcer treatment?

A

Omeprazole (Prilosec).

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5
Q

What are important comments about omeprazole?

A

More effective than H2 blockers (directly inhibits acid secretion).

Full inhibition takes longer.

Irreversible inactivation requires new pumps to be made by the cell.

Most effective at mealtime (daytime).

Alteration of stomach pH can reduce drug/vitamin absorption.

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5
Q

What are the uses of omeprazole?

A

Peptic/duodenal ulcers, GERD.

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of omeprazole?

A

Inhibits H+/K+-ATPase pump that secretes acid from parietal cells.

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6
Q

What is a representative potassium-competitive acid blocker used for ulcer treatment?

A

Vonoprazan (Voquezna).

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of vonoprazan?

A

Competes with K+ for binding to H+/K+-ATPase (proton pump).

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8
Q

What are key comments about vonoprazan?

A

Direct action on pump.

Reversible effect.

Full effect after first dose.

Effective during both daytime and nighttime.

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8
Q

What are the uses of vonoprazan?

A

Peptic/duodenal ulcers, GERD.

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9
Q

What is a representative drug that forms an artificial protective layer?

A

Sucralfate (Carafate).

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sucralfate?

A

A sticky residue that adheres most strongly to ulcerated lesions.

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10
Q

What are the uses of sucralfate?

A

Peptic/duodenal ulcer, GERD.

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11
Q

What are important comments about sucralfate?

A

Forms a protective physical layer (artificial band-aid) over open ulceration.

Reduces erosive, irritant effect of stomach acid.

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12
Q

What is a representative prostaglandin E2 analogue used for ulcer treatment?

A

Misoprostol (Cytotec).

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of misoprostol?

A

Stimulates mucous cells to produce protective mucus layer.

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14
Q

What are the uses of misoprostol?

A

Peptic/duodenal ulcers, NSAID-induced ulcers.

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15
Q

What are important comments about misoprostol?

A

Mimetic of endogenous prostaglandin E2.

Higher bioavailability and longer half-life than PGE2.

Direct counter to NSAID ulcerative activity.

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15
What are examples of systemic antacids?
Sodium carbonate (Alka Seltzer or baking soda); calcium carbonate (Tums).
16
What is the mechanism of action of systemic antacids?
Carbonate reacts with acid (H⁺) to produce CO₂ gas and water; pH of stomach fluid increases from 1.5 to 4–5.
16
What are the uses of systemic antacids?
Acute relief of pain from ulcers/GERD or stomach upset from indigestion.
17
What are important comments about systemic antacids?
Fast reaction but short-lived effect. Formation of CO₂ gas causes belching, abdominal distension, and flatulence. Sodium or calcium from antacids are absorbed and can exert systemic side effects. Antacids with divalent cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺) can prevent drug absorption.
18
What are examples of non-systemic antacids?
Magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide (Maalox/Mylanta).
19
What is the mechanism of action of non-systemic antacids?
Hydroxide ion reacts with H⁺ (acid) to form water (H₂O).
20
What are the uses of non-systemic antacids?
Acute relief of pain from ulcers/GERD or stomach upset from indigestion.
21
What is simethicone used for?
Burping, belching.
21
What is a representative antifoaming agent?
Simethicone (Gas-X/Mylanta).
21
What is the mechanism of action of simethicone?
Breaks surface tension of gas bubbles in the stomach.
22
What are important comments about non-systemic antacids?
Slower than carbonates. Do not form CO₂ gas. Neither Mg²⁺ nor Al³⁺ are significantly absorbed. Divalent cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺) can chelate certain drugs and decrease their bioavailability.
23
What is the mechanism of action of bulk-forming laxatives?
Fiber binds water and softens stools.
23
What is a representative bulk-forming laxative?
Bran fiber (Psyllium, Fibercon).
23
What are important comments about simethicone?
Breaks up gas bubbles but does not actually prevent gas formation.
24
What are the uses of bulk-forming laxatives?
Constipation.
25
What is a key comment about bulk-forming laxatives?
Slow and gentle (effect takes 1–3 days).
25
What are examples of osmotic agents used as laxatives?
Sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, and magnesium sulfate (ColPrep Kit).
26
What is the mechanism of action of osmotic agents?
Unabsorbed inorganic salts act as osmotic agents to draw water into the intestine.
27
What are the uses of osmotic agents?
Bowel evacuation prior to endoscopy or colonoscopy.
28
What is a key comment about osmotic agents?
Fast acting; watery evacuation in 1–3 hours.
29
What is a representative stool softener?
Sodium docusate (surfactant).
30
What is the mechanism of action of stool softeners?
Increased hydration and softening of stool.
31
How fast do stool softeners work?
1–3 days.
32
What are the uses of stool softeners?
Constipation.
33
What is a representative emollient used for constipation?
Mineral oil.
33
What is the mechanism of action of mineral oil?
Lubricant.
34
What is mineral oil used for?
Constipation.
35
What is a key comment about emollients like mineral oil?
Helps hard stools pass more easily.
36
What is a representative stimulant laxative?
Senna (natural product of senna plant).
37
What is the mechanism of action of senna?
Directly stimulates the nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract to cause peristalsis.
38
What is senna used for?
Constipation.
39
How fast does senna work?
6–8 hours.
40
What is a representative absorbent for diarrhea?
Bismuth subsalicylate (PeptoBismol).
41
What additional action does bismuth have?
Bactericidal toward H. pylori.
42
What is the mechanism of action of bismuth subsalicylate?
Hygroscopic (absorbs water). used for diarrhea
43
What are examples of opioid antidiarrheals?
Diphenoxylate (Lomotil), Loperamide (Imodium).
44
What is their mechanism of action of Diphenoxylate (Lomotil), Loperamide (Imodium)?
Mu opioid receptor agonists; cause constipation, used for diaherra
45
What is a key comment about diphenoxylate (Lomotil)?
Formulated with atropine (causes dry mouth) to discourage abuse.
46
What is a representative electrolyte replenishment therapy?
Pedialyte.
47
What is the mechanism of action of Pedialyte?
Contains Na⁺ and K⁺; replenishes electrolytes and helps rehydrate, used for diaherra.
48
Why is Pedialyte recommended for children?
Other antidiarrheals are contraindicated in children; Pedialyte replenishes electrolytes and fluids.

pharmacoloy/pain control (36 decks)

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