GI exam 2

Question 1

Problems of elimination

Answer 1

Constipation and
Obstipation

Question 2

What is constipation?

Answer 2

When fecal matter is held in the rectal cavity for longer than is usual for the patient.
The longer waste is held the more water gets absorbed.
***Stool is hard, dry, and painful to pass

Question 3

What is Obstipation?

Answer 3

constipation that occurs for a long period of time

Question 4

Etiology of constipation

Answer 4

meds: narcs, tranquilizers, and antacids with aluminum
Rectal/anal conditions: tears, fissures, hemorrhoids, pain
Metabolic of neurologic disorders: lupus, multiple sclerosis, scleroderma, diabetes
colon cancer
decreased mobility
low intake of fiber
chronic laxative use
supressing urge

Question 5

Prevention of constipation

Answer 5

exercise, fluids, high fiber diet

Question 6

how long should you use laxatives?

Answer 6

short amount of time

Question 7

s/s of constipation

Answer 7

Abdominal pain, indigestion, rectal pressure, feeling of incomplete emptying, intestinal rumbling.

Question 8

complication of constipation

Answer 8

Fecal impaction
When straining it can cause cardiac, neurologic, and respiratory complications.
Megacolon

Question 9

Define fecal impaction

Answer 9

stool is too dry to pass
- can cause ulcers

Question 10

What happens when liquid waste passes around the impaction of hard stool?

Answer 10

liquid stool incontience

Question 11

Chronic laxative use can lead to ___ of the muscle of the colon. Can also lead to ____ and ____

Answer 11

Atrophy
Muscle thinking
fibrosis

Question 12

What is Fecaloma?

Answer 12

Obstruction
Can lead to perforation=med emergency!!!
Requires surgery (colectomy)

Question 12

What is Fecaloma?

Answer 12

Obstruction
Can lead to perforation=med emergency!!!
Requires surgery (colectomy)

Question 13

Diagnostic test for constipation?

Answer 13

Radiologic tests, sigmoidoscopy, occult testing of the stool, and barium

Question 14

T/F: Constipation is usually self-diagnosed

Answer 14

T

Question 15

Therapeutic measures for constipation

Answer 15

Add fiber and fluids to the diet, increase activity, stop chronic use of laxatives

Question 16

___ and _____ meds can be used instead of Laxatives.

Answer 16

Psyllium
stool softeners

Question 17

Define Diarrhea

Answer 17

3 or more loose/ liquid stools in 24 hours
decreased in absorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients
***mostly caused by bacterial infections

Question 18

What type of bowel sounds do you hear with diarrhea?

Answer 18

Hyper active

Question 19

What are the 3 (bacterial) main causative agents for diarrhea?

Answer 19

Ecoli
C-Diff
Salmenella

Question 20

T/F You can get diarrhea from under cooked food?

Answer 20

T

Question 21

What is the main causative agents (viral) for diarrhea?

Answer 21

rotavirus

Question 22

Causes of diarrhea?

Answer 22

-Poor food tolerance or allergies- additives, caffeine, milk, meats, wheat
-Inflammatory disease: Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis
-Osmotic agents: laxatives or other substances
-Irritable Bowel Syndrome
-Surgical resection
-Radiation therapy
-Enteral feedings
-Medications
-Hormonal disorders

Question 23

How do you prevent diarrhea?

Answer 23

Proper food management, HAND WASHING

Question 24

S/S of diarrhea

Answer 24

frequent liquid stools, foul smelling, may contain blood or mucus, may have a rapid onset, nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramping, distention, anorexia, weakness, dehydration

Question 25

diagnosis of diarrhea

Answer 25

Determined by onset Stool culture Visual Inspection Labs

Question 26

Treatment of diarrhea

Answer 26

Replace fluids: oral and high in glucose Elimination diet antibiotics probiotics

Question 27

What med is given for diarrhea that occurs for more than 3 episodes?

Answer 27

Lomotil

Question 28

_____ organ is a small shaped appendage that is attached to the cecum of the large intestine.

Answer 28

Appendix

Question 29

Why is obstruction common for the appendix?

Answer 29

because of the small size

Question 30

S/S of appendicitis

Answer 30

Fever increased wbc pain in upper abdomen** then a few hours after onset of pain, pain will be in the LRQ (McBurney's point)** nausea and vomiting rebound tenderness leg will be flexed for comfort

Question 31

Appendicitis can lead to?

Answer 31

peritonitis

Question 32

diagnostic tests for appendicitis?

Answer 32

cbc ct scan Sri

Question 33

treatment of appendicitis

Answer 33

NPO- anticipate surgery semifowels position apply ice maintain iv anticipate antibiotics may come back with ng tube monitor dressing

Question 34

complications of appendicitis

Answer 34

perforation, abscess and peritonitis.

Question 35

complications of appendicitis

Answer 35

perforation, abscess and peritonitis.

Question 36

Common causes of peritonitis

Answer 36

ruptured appendix, perforated peptic ulcer, gangrenous gallbladder, diverticulitis, incarcerated hernia, gangrenous gallbladder, and peritoneal dialysis

Question 37

Common causes of peritonitis

Answer 37

ruptured appendix, perforated peptic ulcer, gangrenous gallbladder, diverticulitis, incarcerated hernia, gangrenous gallbladder, and peritoneal dialysis

Question 38

S/S of peritonitis

Answer 38

abdominal pain- worsens with movement rebound tenderness abdominal rigidity decreased peristalsis hypovolemia fever sepsis

Question 39

Diagnostic's of peritonitis

Answer 39

ct scan elevated abc may require exploratory surgery laboratory analysis

Question 40

Therapeutic measures

Answer 40

npc replace electrolytes Insertion of an orogastric or NG tube Antibiotics Surgery may need ostomy manage pain

Question 41

Therapeutic measures

Answer 41

npc replace electrolytes Insertion of an orogastric or NG tube Antibiotics Surgery may need ostomy manage pain

Question 42

Complications of peritonitis

Answer 42

Intestinal obstruction Hypovolemia Septicemia/Septic shock Death

Question 43

Complications of peritonitis

Answer 43

Intestinal obstruction Hypovolemia Septicemia/Septic shock Death